Vanilloid receptor ligands and their use in treatments

ABSTRACT

Therapeutic benzimidazoles and compositions containing them, for the treatment of acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, dental pain, general headache, migraine, cluster headache, mixed-vascular and non-vascular syndromes, tension headache, general inflammation, arthritis, rheumatic diseases, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disorders, inflammatory eye disorders, inflammatory or unstable bladder disorders, psoriasis, skin complaints with inflammatory components, chronic inflammatory conditions, inflammatory pain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia, neuropathic pain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia, diabetic neuropathy pain, causalgia, sympathetically maintained pain, deafferentation syndromes, asthma, epithelial tissue damage or dysfunction, herpes simplex, disturbances of visceral motility at respiratory, genitourinary, gastrointestinal or vascular regions, wounds, burns, allergic skin reactions, pruritus, vitiligo, general gastrointestinal disorders, gastric ulceration, duodenal ulcers, diarrhea, gastric lesions induced by necrotizing agents, hair growth, vasomotor or allergic rhinitis, bronchial disorders or bladder disorders.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/688,246,filed on Oct. 16, 2003, which claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 60/419,791, filed Oct. 17, 2002, which are herebyincorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) is the molecular target of capsaicin, theactive ingredient in hot peppers. Julius et al. reported the molecularcloning of VR1 (Caterina et al., 1997). VR1 is a non-selective cationchannel which is activated or sensitized by a series of differentstimuli including capsaicin and resiniferatoxin (exogenous activators),heat & acid stimulation and products of lipid bilayer metabolism,anandamide (Premkumar et al., 2000, —Szabo et al., 2000, Gauldie et al.,2001, Olah et al., 2001) and lipoxygenase metabolites (Hwang et al.,2000). VR1 is highly expressed in primary sensory neurons (Caterina etal., 1997) in rats, mice and humans (Onozawa et al., 2000, Mezey et al.,2000, Helliwell et al., 1998, Cortright et al., 2001). These sensoryneurons innervate many visceral organs including the dermis, bones,bladder, gastrointestinal tract and lungs; VR1 is also expressed inother neuronal and non-neuronal tissues including but not limited to,CNS nuclei, kidney, stomach and T-cells (Nozawa et al., 2001, Yiangou etal., 2001, Birder et al., 2001). Presumably expression in these variouscells and organs may contribute to their basic properties such ascellular signaling and cell division.

Prior to the molecular cloning of VR1, experimentation with capsaicinindicated the presence of a capsaicin sensitive receptor, which couldincrease the activity of sensory neurons in humans, rats and mice(Holzer, 1991; Dray, 1992, Szallasi and Blumberg 1996, 1999). Theresults of acute activation by capsaicin in humans was pain at injectionsite and in other species increased behavioral sensitivity to sensorystimuli (Szallasi and Blumberg, 1999). Capsaicin application to the skinin humans causes a painful reaction characterized not only by theperception of heat and pain at the site of administration but also by awider area of hyperalgesia and allodynia, two characteristic symptoms ofthe human condition of neuropathic pain (Holzer, 1991). Taken together,it seems likely that increased activity of VR1 plays a significant rolein the establishment and maintenance of pain conditions. Topical orintradermal injection of capsaicin has also been shown to producelocalized vasodilation and edema production (Szallasi and Blumberg 1999,—Singh et al., 2001). This evidence indicates that capsaicin throughit's activation of VR1 can regulate afferent and efferent function ofsensory nerves. Sensory nerve involvement in diseases could therefore bemodified by molecules which effect the function of the vanilloidreceptor to increase or decrease the activity of sensory nerves.

VR1 gene knockout mice have been shown to have reduced sensorysensitivity to thermal and acid stimuli (Caterina et al., 2000)). Thissupports the concept that VR1 contributes not only to generation of painresponses (i.e. via thermal, acid or capsaicin stimuli) but also to themaintenance of basal activity of sensory nerves. This evidence agreeswith studies demonstrating capsaicin sensitive nerve involvement indisease. Primary sensory nerves in humans and other species can be madeinactive by continued capsaicin stimulation. This paradigm causesreceptor activation induced desensitization of the primary sensorynerve—such reduction in sensory nerve activity in vivo makes subjectsless sensitive to subsequent painful stimuli. In this regard bothcapsaicin and resinferatoxin (exogenous activators of VR1), producedesensitization and they have been used for many proof of conceptstudies in in vivo models of disease (Holzer, 1991, Dray 1992, —Szallasiand Blumberg 1999).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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SUMMARY

The present invention comprises a new class of compounds useful in thetreatment of diseases, such as vanilloid-receptor-mediated diseases andother maladies, such as inflammatory or neuropathic pain and diseasesinvolving sensory nerve function such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis,osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disorders, urinary incontinence,migraine and psoriasis. In particular, the compounds of the inventionare useful for the treatment of acute, inflammatory and neuropathicpain, dental pain, general headache, migraine, cluster headache,mixed-vascular and non-vascular syndromes, tension headache, generalinflammation, arthritis, rheumatic diseases, osteoarthritis,inflammatory bowel disorders, inflammatory eye disorders, inflammatoryor unstable bladder disorders, psoriasis, skin complaints withinflammatory components, chronic inflammatory conditions, inflammatorypain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia, neuropathic pain andassociated hyperalgesia and allodynia, diabetic neuropathy pain,causalgia, sympathetically maintained pain, deafferentation syndromes,asthma, epithelial tissue damage or dysfunction, herpes simplex,disturbances of visceral motility at respiratory, genitourinary,gastrointestinal or vascular regions, wounds, burns, allergic skinreactions, pruritus, vitiligo, general gastrointestinal disorders,gastric ulceration, duodenal ulcers, diarrhea, gastric lesions inducedby necrotising agents, hair growth, vasomotor or allergic rhinitis,bronchial disorders or bladder disorders. Accordingly, the inventionalso comprises pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds,methods for the treatment of vanilloid-receptor-mediated diseases, suchas inflammatory or neuropathic pain, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis,osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disorders, urinary incontinence,migraine and psoriasis diseases, using the compounds and compositions ofthe invention, and intermediates and processes useful for thepreparation of the compounds of the invention.

The compounds of the invention are represented by the following generalstructure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein m, n, o, L¹, L²,Q¹, Q², Q³, Q⁴, Q⁵, Q⁶,R¹, R², R^(2′), R³ and R⁴ are defined herein.

The foregoing merely summarizes certain aspects of the invention and isnot intended, nor should it be construed, as limiting the invention inany way. All patents, patent applications and other publications recitedherein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One aspect of the current invention relates to compounds having thegeneral structure:

or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

L¹ is a saturated, unsaturated, or partially-saturated chain of 1, 2 or3 carbon atoms substituted at each open position by R²;

L² is a saturated, unsaturated, or partially-saturated chain of 1, 2 or3 carbon atoms substituted at each open position by R^(2′); wherein thecombined number of carbon atoms in the L¹ and L² chains is 3, 4 or 5;wherein, when L¹ is a one carbon chain and Q¹ and Q² are both N, then L¹is carbonyl, and when L² is a one carbon chain and Q¹ and Q² are both N,then L² is carbonyl;

m is independently at each instance 0, 1 or 2;

Q¹ is N or C(R²);

Q² is N or C(R²); wherein at least one of Q¹ and Q² is N;

Q³ is N or C(R⁵);

Q⁴ is N or C(R⁶);

Q⁵ is N or C(R^(6′));

Q⁶ is N or C(R^(5′));

R¹ is H or —(C(R²)(R²))_(m)—R^(g);

R² is, independently, in each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,—O(C₁₋₇alkyl), —N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), or a C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); wherein any twogeminal R² groups may additionally be oxo;

R^(2′) is, independently, in each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,—O(C₁₋₇alkyl), —N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), or a C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); wherein any twogeminal R^(2′) groups may additionally be oxo;

R⁴ is phenyl or naphthyl, wherein the phenyl and naphthyl aresubstituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from R^(c), R^(e),halo, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(h),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), OC(═O)R^(e),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC(═O)N(R^(g))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g),—SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g), —S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(g))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—N(R^(g))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —N(R^(g))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(g))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(g))S(═O)₂R^(e),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(g))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(g)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h) and—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g); or R⁴ is R^(c) substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4substituents selected from R^(c), R^(e), halo, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano,nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h),—SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g), —C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g), —OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(g))S(═O)₂R^(e),—OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), —SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)OR^(h),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(g))C(═O)R^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —N(R^(g))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—N(R^(g))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(g))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(g))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(g))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(g)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h) and—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), wherein R⁴ is not imidazole or any substitutedderivative thereof,

R⁵ is H, R^(e), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e),—C(═O)OR^(e), —C(═O)NR^(e)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(h)R^(a), —OR^(h),—OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(g)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), —SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g) or —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g); or R⁵ is asaturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-memberedmonocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ringcontaining 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein thecarbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and thering is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from R^(e),C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e),—C(═O)NR^(e)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(h)R^(a), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(e),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(g)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), —SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g);

R^(5′) is H, R^(e), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e),C(═O)OR^(e), —C(═O)NR^(e)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(h)R^(a), —OR^(h),—OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(g)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), —SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g) or —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g); or R^(5′) is asaturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-memberedmonocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ringcontaining 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein thecarbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and thering is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from R^(e),C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e),—C(═O)NR^(e)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(h)R^(a), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(e),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(g)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), —SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g);

R⁶ is H, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),NR^(a)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e);

R^(6′) is H, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),NR^(a)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e); whereinat least one of R⁶ and R^(6′) is other than H;

R^(a) is independently, at each instance, H or R^(b);

R^(b) is independently, at each instance, phenyl, benzyl or C₁₋₆alkyl,the phenyl, benzyl and C₁₋₆alkyl being substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OC₁₋₄alkyl,—NH₂, —NHC₁₋₄alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)C₁₋₄alkyl;

R^(c) is independently at each instance a saturated, partially saturatedor unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N,O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or2 oxo groups;

R^(d) is independently at each instance C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo,cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) or—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(b);

R^(e) is independently at each instance C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(d) and additionallysubstituted by 0 or 1 substituents selected from R^(g);

R^(g) is independently at each instance a saturated, partially saturatedor unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected fromN, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituentsselected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b),—C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a),—OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and

R^(h) is independently at each instance R^(e) or H.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, L¹ is a saturated, unsaturated, orpartially-saturated chain of 2 or 3 carbon atoms substituted at eachopen position by R².

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, L¹ is a saturated, unsaturated, orpartially-saturated chain of 2 carbon atoms substituted at each openposition by R².

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, L² is a saturated, unsaturated, orpartially-saturated chain of 2 or 3 carbon atoms substituted at eachopen position by R^(2′).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, L² is a saturated, unsaturated, orpartially-saturated chain of 2 carbon atoms substituted at each openposition by R^(2′).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, the combined number of carbon atoms in the L¹ and L²chains is 3.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, the combined number of carbon atoms in the L¹ and L²chains is 4.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, the combined number of carbon atoms in the L¹ and L²chains is 5.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, the group:

is selected from

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, m is independently at each instance 0.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, m is independently at each instance 1 or 2.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q¹ is N.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q² is N.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q³ is C(R⁵).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q⁴ is C(R⁶).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q⁵ is C(R^(6′)).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q⁶ is C(R^(5′)).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R¹ is H.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R¹ is R^(g).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R¹ is —(C(R²)(R²))—R^(g).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R¹ is —(C(R²)(R²))₂—R^(g).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R² is H.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(2′) is H.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is phenyl or naphthyl, wherein the phenyl andnaphthyl are substituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected fromR^(e), R^(e), halo, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e),—C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h),—OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC(═O)N(R^(g))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g),—SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g), —S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),NR^(a)R^(g), N(R^(g))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—N(R^(g))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —N(R^(g))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(g))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(g))S(═O)₂R^(e),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(g))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(g)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h) and—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is R^(c) substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4substituents selected from R^(c), R^(e), halo, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano,nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h),—SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g), —C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g), —OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(g))S(═O)₂R^(e),—OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), —SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)OR^(h),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(g))C(═O)R^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —N(R^(g))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—N(R^(g))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(g))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(g))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(g))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(g)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h) and—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), wherein R⁴ is not imidazole or any substitutedderivative thereof.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is R^(e) substituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituentsselected from R^(c), R^(e), halo, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro,—C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC(═O)N(R^(g))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g),—SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g), —S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(g))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—N(R^(g))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —N(R^(g))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(g))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(g))S(═O)₂R^(e),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(g))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(g)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h) and—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), wherein R⁴ is not imidazole or any substitutedderivative thereof.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is R^(c), wherein R⁴ is not imidazole or anysubstituted derivative thereof.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is a ring selected from thiophene, pyrrole,1,3-oxazole, 1,3-thiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole,1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1H-1,2,3-triazole, isothiazole,1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,3,4-oxatriazole,1,2,3,4-thiatriazole, 1H-1,2,3,4-tetraazole, 1,2,3,5-oxatriazole,1,2,3,5-thiatriazole, furan, imidazol-1-yl, imidazol-4-yl,1,2,4-triazol-4-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-5-yl,thiolane, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, 4,5-dihydrothiophene,2-pyrroline, 4,5-dihydrofuran, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine,1,2,3-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,3,5-triazine,pyridine, 2H-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran, thiane, 1,2-diazaperhydroine,1,3-diazaperhydroine, piperazine, 1,3-oxazaperhydroine, morpholine,1,3-thiazaperhydroine, 1,4-thiazaperhydroine, piperidine,2H-3,4-dihydropyran, 2,3-dihydro-4H-thiin, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine,2H-5,6-dihydropyran, 2,3-dihydro-6H-thiin, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine,3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, 4H-pyran, 4H-thiin, 1,4-dihydropyridine,1,4-dithiane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,4-oxathiane, 1,2-oxazolidine,1,2-thiazolidine, pyrazolidine, 1,3-oxazolidine, 1,3-thiazolidine,imidazolidine, 1,2,4-oxadiazolidine, 1,3,4-oxadiazolidine,1,2,4-thiadiazolidine, 1,3,4-thiadiazolidine, 1,2,4-triazolidine,2-imidazoline, 3-imidazoline, 2-pyrazoline, 4-imidazoline,2,3-dihydroisothiazole, 4,5-dihydroisoxazole, 4,5-dihydroisothiazole,2,5-dihydroisoxazole, 2,5-dihydroisothiazole, 2,3-dihydroisoxazole,4,5-dihydrooxazole, 2,3-dihydrooxazole, 2,5-dihydrooxazole,4,5-dihydrothiazole, 2,3-dihydrothiazole, 2,5-dihydrothiazole,1,3,4-oxathiazolidine, 1,4,2-oxathiazolidine,2,3-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazole, 2,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazole,4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazole, 2,3-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole,4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole,2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole,2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]thidiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole,4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole,2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole,2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole,4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,3,4]oxadiazole,2,3-dihydro-[1,3,4]thiadiazole, [1,4,2]oxathiazole, [1,3,4]oxathiazole,1,3,5-triazaperhydroine, 1,2,4-triazaperhydroine,1,4,2-dithiazaperhydroine, 1,4,2-dioxazaperhydroine,1,3,5-oxadiazaperhydroine, 1,2,5-oxadiazaperhydroine,1,3,4-thiadiazaperhydroine, 1,3,5-thiadiazaperhydroine,1,2,5-thiadiazaperhydroine, 1,3,4-oxadiazaperhydroine,1,4,3-oxathiazaperhydroine, 1,4,2-oxathiazaperhydroine,1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridazine,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazine, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine,1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazine,5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]oxazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2]oxazine,5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2]thiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]thiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]thiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2]thiazine,5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3]oxazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,4]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,4]oxazine,5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3]thiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,4]thiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,4]thiazine,1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine,1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,3,5]triazine, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine,1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]dioxazine,5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]dioxazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]dithiazine,2,3-dihydro-[1,4,2]dioxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]oxadiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]oxadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]oxadiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine,5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]thiadiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]thiadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]thiadiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine,5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,3]oxadiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3,4]oxadiazine,3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,3]thiadiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3,4]thiadiazine,3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,3]oxathiazine,5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]oxathiazine, 2,3-dihydro-[1,4,3]oxathiazine,2,3-dihydro-[1,4,2]oxathiazine, 4,5-dihydropyridine,1,6-dihydropyridine, 5,6-dihydropyridine, 2H-pyran, 2H-thiin,3,6-dihydropyridine, 2,3-dihydropyridazine, 2,5-dihydropyridazine,4,5-dihydropyridazine, 1,2-dihydropyridazine, 2,3-dihydropyrimidine,2,5-dihydropyrimidine, 5,6-dihydropyrimidine, 3,6-dihydropyrimidine,4,5-dihydropyrazine, 5,6-dihydropyrazine, 3,6-dihydropyrazine,4,5-dihydropyrazine, 1,4-dihydropyrazine, 1,4-dithiin, 1,4-dioxin,2H-1,2-oxazine, 6H-1,2-oxazine, 4H-1,2-oxazine, 2H-1,3-oxazine,4H-1,3-oxazine, 6H-1,3-oxazine, 2H-1,4-oxazine, 4H-1,4-oxazine,2H-1,3-thiazine, 2H-1,4-thiazine, 4H-1,2-thiazine, 6H-1,3-thiazine,4H-1,4-thiazine, 2H-1,2-thiazine, 6H-1,2-thiazine, 1,4-oxathiin,2H,5H-1,2,3-triazine, 1H,4H-1,2,3-triazine, 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3-triazine,1H,6H-1,2,3-triazine, 1,2-dihydro-1,2,3-triazine,2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 3H,6H-1,2,4-triazine, 1H,6H-1,2,4-triazine,3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 1H,4H-1,2,4-triazine,5,6-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine,2H,5H-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 1H,4H-1,3,5-triazine,1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine, 1,4,2-dithiazine, 1,4,2-dioxazine,2H-1,3,4-oxadiazine, 2H-1,3,5-oxadiazine, 6H-1,2,5-oxadiazine,4H-1,3,4-oxadiazine, 4H-1,3,5-oxadiazine, 4H-1,2,5-oxadiazine,2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazine, 4H-1,3,4-thiadiazine,4H-1,3,5-thiadiazine, 4H-1,2,5-thiadiazine, 2H-1,3,4-thiadiazine,6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine, 6H-1,3,4-oxadiazine, 1,4,2-oxathiazine and anybicyclic derivative of any of the above rings containing avicinally-fused phenyl, pyridine or pyrimidine, wherein the carbon atomsof the ring and bicyclic derivative are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo orthioxo groups; wherein the ring or bicyclic derivative there of issubstituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from R^(c), R^(e),halo, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(h),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(e),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(e),—NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC(═O)N(R^(g))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g),—SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g), —S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(g))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(g))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—N(R^(g))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —N(R^(g))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(g))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(g))S(═O)₂R^(e),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(g))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(g)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h) and—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁵ is H.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁵ is R^(e), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(e),—C(═O)OR^(e), —C(═O)NR^(e)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(h)R^(a), —OR^(h),—OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)R^(h), N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(g)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), —SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g) or —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g); or R⁵ is asaturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-memberedmonocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ringcontaining 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein thecarbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and thering is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from R^(e),C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e),—C(═O)NR^(e)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(h)R^(a), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(e),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(g)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), —SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁵ is R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁵ is halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e),C(═O)NR^(e)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(h)R^(a), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(e),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(g)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), —SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g) or —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁵ is a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-memberedbicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S,wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxogroups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituentsselected from R^(e), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e),—C(═O)OR^(e), —C(═O)NR^(e)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(h)R^(a), —OR^(h),—OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(g)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), —SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(5′) is H.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(5′) is R^(e), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano,—C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e), —C(═O)NR^(e)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(h)R^(a),—OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)R^(h), N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(g)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), —SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g) or —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g); or R^(5′) is asaturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-memberedmonocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ringcontaining 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein thecarbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and thering is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from R^(e),C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e),—C(═O)NR^(e)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(h)R^(a), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(e),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(g)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), —SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(5′) is R^(e) or C₁₋₄haloalkyl.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(5′) is halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e),—C(═O)NR^(e)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(e)R^(a), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(e),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(g)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), —SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(g) or —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(5′) is a saturated, partially saturated orunsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected fromN, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4substituents selected from R^(e), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro,—C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e), —C(═O)NR^(e)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(h)R^(a),—OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —C(═O)R^(g),—C(═O)OR^(g), —C(═O)NR^(g)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g), —OR^(g),—OC(═O)R^(g), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g),—OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(g), —SR^(g), —S(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂R^(g), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(g),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(g),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(g), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(g),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(g) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(g).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁶ is H.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁶ is C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(b),—C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OH,—OC₂₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁶ is R^(e) or C₁₋₄haloalkyl.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁶ is R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(6′) is H.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(6′) is C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(b),—C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OH,—OC₂₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(6′) is R^(e) or C₁₋₄haloalkyl.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(6′) is R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(b) is independently, at each instance, phenyl,benzyl or C₁₋₆alkyl, the phenyl, benzyl and C₁₋₆alkyl being substitutedby 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl,C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OC₁₋₄alkyl, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₄alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)C₁₋₄alkyl.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(b) is independently, at each instance, C₁₋₆alkylsubstituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl,C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OC₁₋₁₄alkyl, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₁₄alkyl,—N(C₁₋₄alkyl)C₁₋₁₄alkyl.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(b) is independently, at each instance, C₁₋₆alkylsubstituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl,C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OC₁₋₄alkyl, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₄alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)C₁₋₁₄alkyl.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(b) is independently, at each instance, C₁₋₆alkyl.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(c) is independently, at each instance, a ringselected from thiophene, pyrrole, 1,3-oxazole, 1,3-thiazole,1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole,1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1H-1,2,3-triazole, isothiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole,1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,3,4-oxatriazole, 1,2,3,4-thiatriazole,1H-1,2,3,4-tetraazole, 1,2,3,5-oxatriazole, 1,2,3,5-thiatriazole, furan,1,2,4-triazol-4-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-5-yl,thiolane, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, 4,5-dihydrothiophene,2-pyrroline, 4,5-dihydrofuran, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine,1,2,3-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,3,5-triazine,pyridine, 2H-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran, thiane, 1,2-diazaperhydroine,1,3-diazaperhydroine, piperazine, 1,3-oxazaperhydroine, morpholine,1,3-thiazaperhydroine, 1,4-thiazaperhydroine, piperidine,2H-3,4-dihydropyran, 2,3-dihydro-4H-thiin, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine,2H-5,6-dihydropyran, 2,3-dihydro-6H-thiin, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine,3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, 4H-pyran, 4H-thiin, 1,4-dihydropyridine,1,4-dithiane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,4-oxathiane, 1,2-oxazolidine,1,2-thiazolidine, pyrazolidine, 1,3-oxazolidine, 1,3-thiazolidine,imidazolidine, 1,2,4-oxadiazolidine, 1,3,4-oxadiazolidine,1,2,4-thiadiazolidine, 1,3,4-thiadiazolidine, 1,2,4-triazolidine,2-imidazoline, 3-imidazoline, 2-pyrazoline, 4-imidazoline,2,3-dihydroisothiazole, 4,5-dihydroisoxazole, 4,5-dihydroisothiazole,2,5-dihydroisoxazole, 2,5-dihydroisothiazole, 2,3-dihydroisoxazole,4,5-dihydrooxazole, 2,3-dihydrooxazole, 2,5-dihydrooxazole,4,5-dihydrothiazole, 2,3-dihydrothiazole, 2,5-dihydrothiazole,1,3,4-oxathiazolidine, 1,4,2-oxathiazolidine,2,3-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazole, 2,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazole,4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazole, 2,3-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole,4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole,2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole,2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]thidiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole,4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole,2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole,2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole,4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,3,4]oxadiazole,2,3-dihydro-[1,3,4]thiadiazole, [1,4,2]oxathiazole, [1,3,4]oxathiazole,1,3,5-triazaperhydroine, 1,2,4-triazaperhydroine,1,4,2-dithiazaperhydroine, 1,4,2-dioxazaperhydroine,1,3,5-oxadiazaperhydroine, 1,2,5-oxadiazaperhydroine,1,3,4-thiadiazaperhydroine, 1,3,5-thiadiazaperhydroine,1,2,5-thiadiazaperhydroine, 1,3,4-oxadiazaperhydroine,1,4,3-oxathiazaperhydroine, 1,4,2-oxathiazaperhydroine,1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridazine,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazine, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine,1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazine,5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]oxazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2]oxazine,5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2]thiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]thiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]thiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2]thiazine,5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3]oxazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,4]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,4]oxazine,5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3]thiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,4]thiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,4]thiazine,1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine,1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,3,5]triazine, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine,1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]dioxazine,5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]dioxazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]dithiazine,2,3-dihydro-[1,4,2]dioxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]oxadiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]oxadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]oxadiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine,5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]thiadiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]thiadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]thiadiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine,5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,3]oxadiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3,4]oxadiazine,3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,3]thiadiazine,3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3,4]thiadiazine,3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,3]oxathiazine,5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]oxathiazine, 2,3-dihydro-[1,4,3]oxathiazine,2,3-dihydro-[1,4,2]oxathiazine, 4,5-dihydropyridine,1,6-dihydropyridine, 5,6-dihydropyridine, 2H-pyran, 2H-thiin,3,6-dihydropyridine, 2,3-dihydropyridazine, 2,5-dihydropyridazine,4,5-dihydropyridazine, 1,2-dihydropyridazine, 2,3-dihydropyrimidine,2,5-dihydropyrimidine, 5,6-dihydropyrimidine, 3,6-dihydropyrimidine,4,5-dihydropyrazine, 5,6-dihydropyrazine, 3,6-dihydropyrazine,4,5-dihydropyrazine, 1,4-dihydropyrazine, 1,4-dithiin, 1,4-dioxin,2H-1,2-oxazine, 6H-1,2-oxazine, 4H-1,2-oxazine, 2H-1,3-oxazine,4H-1,3-oxazine, 6H-1,3-oxazine, 2H-1,4-oxazine, 4H-1,4-oxazine,2H-1,3-thiazine, 2H-1,4-thiazine, 4H-1,2-thiazine, 6H-1,3-thiazine,4H-1,4-thiazine, 2H-1,2-thiazine, 6H-1,2-thiazine, 1,4-oxathiin,2H,5H-1,2,3-triazine, 1H,4H-1,2,3-triazine, 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3-triazine,1H,6H-1,2,3-triazine, 1,2-dihydro-1,2,3-triazine,2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 3H,6H-1,2,4-triazine, 1H,6H-1,2,4-triazine,3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 1H,4H-1,2,4-triazine,5,6-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine,2H,5H-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 1H,4H-1,3,5-triazine,1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine, 1,4,2-dithiazine, 1,4,2-dioxazine,2H-1,3,4-oxadiazine, 2H-1,3,5-oxadiazine, 6H-1,2,5-oxadiazine,4H-1,3,4-oxadiazine, 4H-1,3,5-oxadiazine, 4H-1,2,5-oxadiazine,2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazine, 4H-1,3,4-thiadiazine,4H-1,3,5-thiadiazine, 4H-1,2,5-thiadiazine, 2H-1,3,4-thiadiazine,6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine, 6H-1,3,4-oxadiazine, 1,4,2-oxathiazine and anybicyclic derivative of any of the above rings containing avicinally-fused phenyl, pyridine or pyrimidine, wherein the carbon atomsof the ring and bicyclic derivative are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo orthioxo groups.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(e) is independently at each instance C₁₋₆alkylsubstituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(d)and additionally substituted by 0 or 1 substituents selected from R^(g).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(e) is independently at each instance C₁₋₆alkylsubstituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected fromR^(d) and additionally substituted by 1 substituent selected from R^(g).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(e) is independently at each instance C₁₋₆alkyl.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(g) is independently at each instance a saturated,partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of thering are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substitutedby 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(g) is independently at each instance a saturated,partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of thering are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substitutedby 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo,cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(g) is independently at each instance a saturated,partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring aresubstituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1,2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano,nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(g) is phenyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro,—C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(g) is phenyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituentsselected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b),—C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a),—OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a).

Another embodiment of the invention involves a compound having thestructure:

or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

n is 1, 2 or 3 and o is 1, 2 or 3; wherein n+o=4 or 5 and when n is 1and Q¹ and Q² are both N, then both R² groups together are oxo, and wheno is 1 and Q¹ and Q² are both N, then both R^(2′) groups together areoxo;

m is independently at each instance 0, 1 or 2;

Q¹ is N or C(R²);

Q² is N or C(R²); wherein at least one of Q¹ and Q² is N;

Q³ is N or C(R²⁵);

Q⁴ is N or C(R⁶);

Q⁵ is N or C(R⁶);

Q⁶ is N or C(R⁵);

—R¹ is H or (C(R²)(R²))_(m)—R^(g);

R² is, independently, in each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,—O(C₁₋₇alkyl), —N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), or a C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); wherein any twogeminal R² groups may additionally be oxo;

R^(2′) is, independently, in each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,—O(C₁₋₇alkyl), —N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), or a C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); wherein any twogeminal R^(2′) groups may additionally be oxo;

R³ is, independently, in each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,—O(C₁₋₇alkyl), —N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), or a C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); wherein any twogeminal R³ groups may additionally be oxo;

R⁴ is phenyl or naphthyl, wherein the phenyl and naphthyl aresubstituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl,C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —C(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkyNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e); or R⁴ isR^(c) substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected fromC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e);

R⁵ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), C₁₋₃alkylR^(c), C₁₋₃alkylR^(f) and R^(e); or R⁵is a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-memberedmonocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ringcontaining 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein thecarbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and thering is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected fromC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e);

R⁶ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OH, —OC₂₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(a);

R^(a) is independently, at each instance, H or R^(b);

R^(b) is independently, at each instance, phenyl, benzyl or C₁₋₆alkyl,the phenyl, benzyl and C₁₋₆alkyl being substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OC₁₋₄alkyl,—NH₂, —NHC₁₋₄alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)C₁₋₄alkyl;

R^(c) is independently at each instance a saturated, partially saturatedor unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N,O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or2 oxo groups;

R^(d) is independently at each instance C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo,cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —C(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) or—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R^(e) is independently at each instance C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or3 substituents independently selected from R^(d);

R^(f) is independently at each instance R^(c) substituted by 1, 2 or 3substituents independently selected from R^(d); and

R^(g) is independently at each instance a saturated, partially saturatedor unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected fromN, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituentsselected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b),—C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a),—OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a).

Another embodiment of the invention involves a compound having thestructure:

or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

n is 2 or 3;

m is independently at each instance 0, 1 or 2;

Q¹ is N or C(R²);

Q² is N or C(R²); wherein at least one of Q¹ and Q² is N;

Q³ is N or C(R⁵);

Q⁴ is N or C(R⁶);

Q⁵ is N or C(R⁶);

Q⁶ is N or C(R⁵);

R¹ is H or (C(R²)(R²))_(m)—R^(g);

R² is, independently, in each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,—O(C₁₋₇alkyl), —N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), or a C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); wherein any twogeminal R² groups may additionally be oxo;

R³ is, independently, in each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,—O(C₁₋₇alkyl), —N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), or a C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); wherein any twogeminal R³ groups may additionally be oxo;

R⁴ is phenyl or naphthyl, wherein the phenyl and naphthyl aresubstituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl,C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —C(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e); or R⁴ isR^(c) substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected fromC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e);

R⁵ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), C₁₋₃alkylR^(c), C₁₋₃alkylR^(f) and R^(e); or R⁵is a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-memberedmonocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ringcontaining 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein thecarbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and thering is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected fromC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e);

—R⁶ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OH, —OC₂₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e);

R^(a) is independently, at each instance, H or R^(b);

R^(b) is independently, at each instance, phenyl, benzyl or C₁₋₆alkyl,the phenyl, benzyl and C₁₋₆alkyl being substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₁₄alkyl, C₁₋₁₃haloalkyl,—OC₁₋₁₄alkyl, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₁₄alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)C₁₋₄alkyl;

R^(c) is independently at each instance a saturated, partially saturatedor unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N,O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or2 oxo groups;

R^(d) is independently at each instance C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo,cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) or—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R^(e) is independently at each instance C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or3 substituents independently selected from R^(d);

R^(f) is independently at each instance R^(e) substituted by 1, 2 or 3substituents independently selected from R^(d); and

R^(g) is independently at each instance a saturated, partially saturatedor unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected fromN, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituentsselected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b),—C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a),—OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q¹ is N.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q² is N.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q¹ is N, and Q² is N.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q³ is C(R⁵); Q⁴ is C(R⁶); Q⁵ is C(R⁶); and Q⁶ isC(R⁵).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, any one of Q³, Q⁴, Q⁵ and Q⁶ is N.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q³ is N; Q⁴ is C(R⁶); Q⁵ is C(R⁶); and Q⁶ is C(R⁵).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q³ is C(R⁵); Q⁴ is N; Q⁵ is C(R⁶); and Q⁶ is C(R⁵)

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q³ is C(R⁵); Q⁴ is C(R⁶); Q⁵ is N; and Q⁶ is C(R⁵).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q³ is C(R²⁵); Q⁴ is C(R⁶); Q⁵ is C(R⁶); and Q⁶ is N.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q³ is N; Q⁴ is N; Q⁵ is C(R⁶); and Q⁶ is C(R⁵).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q³ is N; Q⁴ is C(R⁶); Q⁵ is N; and Q⁶ is C(R⁵).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q³ is N; Q⁴ is C(R⁶); Q⁵ is C(R⁶); and Q⁶ is N.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q³ is C(R⁵); Q⁴ is N; Q⁵ is N; and Q⁶ is C(R⁵).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q³ is C(R⁵); Q⁴ is C(R⁶); Q⁵ is N; and Q⁶ is N.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, Q³ is C(R⁵); Q⁴ is N; Q⁵ is C(R⁶); and Q⁶ is N.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, any two of Q³, Q⁴, Q⁵ and Q⁶ are N.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R¹ is H.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R¹ is —(C(R²)(R²))_(m)—R^(g).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(g) is independently at each instance anunsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring aresubstituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1,2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano,nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R^(g) is independently at each instance naphthyl orphenyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl,C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R² is, in each instance, H.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, at least one R² group is selected from C₁₋₈alkyl,C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O(C₁₋₇alkyl), —N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), oxo and C₁₋₆alkylsubstituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano,—OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, at least one R² group is C₁₋₈alkyl or C₁₋₄haloalkyl.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, one R² group is selected from C₁₋₈alkyl andC₁₋₄haloalkyl, wherein the remaining R² groups are H.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, two geminal R² or R^(2′) groups are oxo.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R³ is, in each instance, H.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, at least one R³ group is selected from C₁₋₈alkyl,C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O(C₁₋₇alkyl), —N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), oxo and C₁₋₆alkylsubstituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano,—OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, at least one R³ group is selected from C₁₋₈alkyl andC₁₋₄haloalkyl.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, one R³ group is selected from C₁₋₈alkyl andC₁₋₄haloalkyl, wherein the remaining R³ groups are H.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, two geminal R³ groups are oxo.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is phenyl or naphthyl, wherein the phenyl andnaphthyl are substituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected fromC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is phenyl substituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituentsselected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b),—C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a),—OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is phenyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituentsselected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl and halo.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is 2,4-dichlorophenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl,2-bromophenyl, 2-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl,2-chloro-6-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-fluorophenyl,2-methylphenyl, 2-trifluoromethyl-4-chlorophenyl,2-trifluoromethyl-6-chlorophenyl, 2-trifluoromethylphenyl,3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl or3-trifluoromethyl-4-chlorophenyl.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is R^(c) substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro,—C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e); whereinR⁴ is not imidazol-5-yl or 4-C₁₋₈alkylimidazol-5-yl.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is an unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclicor 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of thering are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the rings aresubstituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl,C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR³, —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e); wherein R⁴ is not imidazol-5-yl or4-C₁₋₈alkylimidazol-5-yl.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is an unsaturated 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring aresubstituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the rings are substituted by 0,1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo,cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is an unsaturated 6-membered monocyclic ringcontaining 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbonatoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the ringsare substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl,C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is an unsaturated 6-membered monocyclic ringcontaining 1 or 2 N atoms and the rings are substituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, —OR^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is pyridine or pyrimidine, wherein the pyridine orpyrimidine by substituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected fromC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is an unsaturated 5-membered monocyclic ringcontaining 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, but no more thanone N, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2oxo groups and the rings are substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituentsselected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b),—C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a),—OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring aresubstituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the rings are substituted by 0,1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo,cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁴ is a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated9- or 10-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 N atoms, whereinthe rings are substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected fromC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁵ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl,C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), C₁₋₃alkylR^(c),C₁₋₃alkylR^(f) and R^(e); or R⁵ is a saturated, partially saturated orunsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected fromN, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro,—C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—OR^(a), —C(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁵ is, at each instance, H.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, at least one R⁵ is C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo,cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), C₁₋₃alkylR^(b),C₁₋₃alkylR^(f) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, at least one R⁵ is a saturated, partially saturatedor unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected fromN, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro,—C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, at least one R⁵ is an unsaturated 5-, 6- or7-membered monocyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected fromN, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro,—C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, at least one R⁵ is an unsaturated 6-memberedmonocyclic ring containing 0, 1 or 2 N atoms, wherein the ring issubstituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl,C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, at least one R⁵ is a saturated, partially saturatedor unsaturated 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ringcontaining 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein thecarbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and thering is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected fromC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, R⁶ is, at each instance, H.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, at least one R⁶ is selected from C₁₋₈alkyl,C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, at least one R⁶ is selected from C₁₋₈alkyl,C₁₋₄haloalkyl and halo.

In another embodiment, in conjunction with any one of the above andbelow embodiments, at least one R⁶ is selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl andhalo.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating acute,inflammatory and neuropathic pain, dental pain, general headache,migraine, cluster headache, mixed-vascular and non-vascular syndromes,tension headache, general inflammation, arthritis, rheumatic diseases,osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disorders, inflammatory eyedisorders, inflammatory or unstable bladder disorders, psoriasis, skincomplaints with inflammatory components, chronic inflammatoryconditions, inflammatory pain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia,neuropathic pain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia, diabeticneuropathy pain, causalgia, sympathetically maintained pain,deafferentation syndromes, asthma, epithelial tissue damage ordysfunction, herpes simplex, disturbances of visceral motility atrespiratory, genitourinary, gastrointestinal or vascular regions,wounds, burns, allergic skin reactions, pruritus, vitiligo, generalgastrointestinal disorders, gastric ulceration, duodenal ulcers,diarrhea, gastric lesions induced by necrotising agents, hair growth,vasomotor or allergic rhinitis, bronchial disorders or bladderdisorders, comprising the step of administering a compound according toany of the above embodiments.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound according to any of the above embodiments and apharmaceutically-acceptable diluent or carrier.

Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a compoundaccording to any of the above embodiments as a medicament.

Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a compoundaccording to any of the above embodiments in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of acute, inflammatory and neuropathicpain, dental pain, general headache, migraine, cluster headache,mixed-vascular and non-vascular syndromes, tension headache, generalinflammation, arthritis, rheumatic diseases, osteoarthritis,inflammatory bowel disorders, inflammatory eye disorders, inflammatoryor unstable bladder disorders, psoriasis, skin complaints withinflammatory components, chronic inflammatory conditions, inflammatorypain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia, neuropathic pain andassociated hyperalgesia and allodynia, diabetic neuropathy pain,causalgia, sympathetically maintained pain, deafferentation syndromes,asthma, epithelial tissue damage or dysfunction, herpes simplex,disturbances of visceral motility at respiratory, genitourinary,gastrointestinal or vascular regions, wounds, burns, allergic skinreactions, pruritus, vitiligo, general gastrointestinal disorders,gastric ulceration, duodenal ulcers, diarrhea, gastric lesions inducedby necrotising agents, hair growth, vasomotor or allergic rhinitis,bronchial disorders or bladder disorders.

The compounds of this invention may have in general several asymmetriccenters and are typically depicted in the form of racemic mixtures. Thisinvention is intended to encompass racemic mixtures, partially racemicmixtures and separate enantiomers and diasteromers.

Unless otherwise specified, the following definitions apply to termsfound in the specification and claims:

“C_(α-β)alkyl” means an alkyl group comprising a minimum of α and amaximum of β carbon atoms in a branched, cyclical or linear relationshipor any combination of the three, wherein α and β represent integers. Thealkyl groups described in this section may also contain one or twodouble or triple bonds. Examples of C₁₋₆alkyl include, but are notlimited to the following:

“Benzo group”, alone or in combination, means the divalent radicalC₄H₄═, one representation of which is —CH═CH—CH═CH—, that when vicinallyattached to another ring forms a benzene-like ring—for exampletetrahydronaphthylene, indole and the like.“Halo” or “halogen” means a halogen atoms selected from F, Cl, Br and I.“C_(V-W)haloalkyl” means an alkyl group, as described above, wherein anynumber—at least one—of the hydrogen atoms attached to the alkyl chainare replaced by F, Cl, Br or I.“Heterocycle” means a ring comprising at least one carbon atom and atleast one other atom selected from N, O and S. Examples of heterocyclesthat may be found in the claims include, but are not limited to, thefollowing:

“Available nitrogen atoms” are those nitrogen atoms that are part of aheterocycle and are joined by two single bonds (e.g. piperidine),leaving an external bond available for substitution by, for example, Hor CH₃.“Pharmaceutically-acceptable salt” means a salt prepared by conventionalmeans, and are well known by those skilled in the art. The“pharmacologically acceptable salts” include basic salts of inorganicand organic acids, including but not limited to hydrochloric acid,hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid,ethanesulfonic acid, malic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaricacid, citric acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, maleicacid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, mandelic acid andthe like. When compounds of the invention include an acidic functionsuch as a carboxy group, then suitable pharmaceutically acceptablecation pairs for the carboxy group are well known to those skilled inthe art and include alkaline, alkaline earth, ammonium, quaternaryammonium cations and the like. For additional examples of“pharmacologically acceptable salts,” see infra and Berge et al., J.Pharm. Sci. 66:1 (1977).“Saturated or unsaturated” includes substituents saturated withhydrogens, substituents completely unsaturated with hydrogens andsubstituents partially saturated with hydrogens.“Leaving group” generally refers to groups readily displaceable by anucleophile, such as an amine, a thiol or an alcohol nucleophile. Suchleaving groups are well known in the art. Examples of such leavinggroups include, but are not limited to, N-hydroxysuccinimide,N-hydroxybenzotriazole, halides, triflates, tosylates and the like.Preferred leaving groups are indicated herein where appropriate.“Protecting group” generally refers to groups well known in the artwhich are used to prevent selected reactive groups, such as carboxy,amino, hydroxy, mercapto and the like, from undergoing undesiredreactions, such as nucleophilic, electrophilic, oxidation, reduction andthe like. Preferred protecting groups are indicated herein whereappropriate. Examples of amino protecting groups include, but are notlimited to, aralkyl, substituted aralkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl andsubstituted cycloalkenyl alkyl, allyl, substituted allyl, acyl,alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, silyl and the like. Examples ofaralkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl, ortho-methylbenzyl,trityl and benzhydryl, which can be optionally substituted with halogen,alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, nitro, acylamino, acyl and the like, and salts,such as phosphonium and ammonium salts. Examples of aryl groups includephenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, anthracenyl, 9-(9-phenylfluorenyl),phenanthrenyl, durenyl and the like. Examples of cycloalkenylalkyl orsubstituted cycloalkylenylalkyl radicals, preferably have 6-10 carbonatoms, include, but are not limited to, cyclohexenyl methyl and thelike. Suitable acyl, alkoxycarbonyl and aralkoxycarbonyl groups includebenzyloxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, iso-butoxycarbonyl, benzoyl,substituted benzoyl, butyryl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, trichloro acetyl,phthaloyl and the like. A mixture of protecting groups can be used toprotect the same amino group, such as a primary amino group can beprotected by both an aralkyl group and an aralkoxycarbonyl group. Aminoprotecting groups can also form a heterocyclic ring with the nitrogen towhich they are attached, for example, 1,2-bis(methylene)benzene,phthalimidyl, succinimidyl, maleimidyl and the like and where theseheterocyclic groups can further include adjoining aryl and cycloalkylrings. In addition, the heterocyclic groups can be mono-, di- ortri-substituted, such as nitrophthalimidyl. Amino groups may also beprotected against undesired reactions, such as oxidation, through theformation of an addition salt, such as hydrochloride, toluenesulfonicacid, trifluoroacetic acid and the like. Many of the amino protectinggroups are also suitable for protecting carboxy, hydroxy and mercaptogroups. For example, aralkyl groups. Alkyl groups are also suitablegroups for protecting hydroxy and mercapto groups, such as tert-butyl.

Silyl protecting groups are silicon atoms optionally substituted by oneor more alkyl, aryl and aralkyl groups. Suitable silyl protecting groupsinclude, but are not limited to, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl,triisopropylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, dimethylphenylsilyl,1,2-bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene, 1,2-bis(dimethylsilyl)ethane anddiphenylmethylsilyl. Silylation of an amino groups provide mono- ordi-silylamino groups. Silylation of aminoalcohol compounds can lead to aN,N,O-trisilyl derivative. Removal of the silyl function from a silylether function is readily accomplished by treatment with, for example, ametal hydroxide or ammonium fluoride reagent, either as a discretereaction step or in situ during a reaction with the alcohol group.Suitable silylating agents are, for example, trimethylsilyl chloride,tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride, phenyldimethylsilyl chloride,diphenylmethyl silyl chloride or their combination products withimidazole or DMF. Methods for silylation of amines and removal of silylprotecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art. Methods ofpreparation of these amine derivatives from corresponding amino acids,amino acid amides or amino acid esters are also well known to thoseskilled in the art of organic chemistry including amino acid/amino acidester or aminoalcohol chemistry.

Protecting groups are removed under conditions which will not affect theremaining portion of the molecule. These methods are well known in theart and include acid hydrolysis, hydrogenolysis and the like. Apreferred method involves removal of a protecting group, such as removalof a benzyloxycarbonyl group by hydrogenolysis utilizing palladium oncarbon in a suitable solvent system such as an alcohol, acetic acid, andthe like or mixtures thereof. A t-butoxycarbonyl protecting group can beremoved utilizing an inorganic or organic acid, such as HCl ortrifluoroacetic acid, in a suitable solvent system, such as dioxane ormethylene chloride. The resulting amino salt can readily be neutralizedto yield the free amine. Carboxy protecting group, such as methyl,ethyl, benzyl, tert-butyl, 4-methoxyphenylmethyl and the like, can beremoved under hydrolysis and hydrogenolysis conditions well known tothose skilled in the art.

It should be noted that compounds of the invention may contain groupsthat may exist in tautomeric forms, such as cyclic and acyclic amidineand guanidine groups, heteroatom substituted heteroaryl groups (Y′═O,—S, NR), and the like, which are illustrated in the following examples:

though one form is named, described, displayed and/or claimed herein,all the tautomeric forms are intended to be inherently included in suchname, description, display and/or claim.

Prodrugs of the compounds of this invention are also contemplated bythis invention. A prodrug is an active or inactive compound that ismodified chemically through in vivo physiological action, such ashydrolysis, metabolism and the like, into a compound of this inventionfollowing administration of the prodrug to a patient. The suitabilityand techniques involved in making and using prodrugs are well known bythose skilled in the art. For a general discussion of prodrugs involvingesters see Svensson and Tunek Drug Metabolism Reviews 165 (1988) andBundgaard Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985). Examples of a maskedcarboxylate anion include a variety of esters, such as alkyl (forexample, methyl, ethyl), cycloalkyl (for example, cyclohexyl), aralkyl(for example, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl), and alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl (forexample, pivaloyloxymethyl). Amines have been masked asarylcarbonyloxymethyl substituted derivatives which are cleaved byesterases in vivo releasing the free drug and formaldehyde (Bungaard J.Med. Chem. 2503 (1989)). Also, drugs containing an acidic NH group, suchas imidazole, imide, indole and the like, have been masked withN-acyloxymethyl groups (Bundgaard Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985)).Hydroxy groups have been masked as esters and ethers. EP 039,051 (Sloanand Little, Apr. 11, 1981) discloses Mannich-base hydroxamic acidprodrugs, their preparation and use.

The specification and claims contain listing of species using thelanguage “selected from . . . and . . . ” and “is . . . or . . . ”(sometimes referred to as Markush groups). When this language is used inthis application, unless otherwise stated it is meant to include thegroup as a whole, or any single members thereof, or any subgroupsthereof. The use of this language is merely for shorthand purposes andis not meant in any way to limit the removal of individual elements orsubgroups as needed.

EXPERIMENTAL

Unless otherwise noted, all materials were obtained from commercialsuppliers and used without further purification. All parts are by weightand temperatures are in degrees centigrade unless otherwise indicated.All microwave assisted reactions were conducted with a Smith Synthesizerfrom Personal Chemistry, Uppsala, —Sweden. All compounds showed NMRspectra consistent with their assigned structures. Melting points weredetermined on a Buchi apparatus and are uncorrected. Mass spectral datawas determined by electrospray ionization technique. All examples werepurified to >90% purity as determined by high-performance liquidchromatography. Unless otherwise stated, reactions were run at roomtemperature.

The following abbreviations are used:

-   DMSO—dimethyl sulfoxide-   DMF—N,N-dimethylformamide-   THF—tetrahydrofuran-   Et₂O—diethyl ether-   EtOAc—ethyl acetate-   MeOH—methyl alcohol-   EtOH—ethyl alcohol-   MeCN—acetonitrile-   MeI—iodomethane-   NMP—1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone-   DCM—dichloromethane-   TFA—trifluoroacetic acid-   Sat.—saturated-   h—hour-   min—minutes

Example 1

2-[4-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 1-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)piperazine

A mixture of 2,6-dichlorophenylaniline (810 mg, 5 mmol, Aldrich) andbis(2-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride (823 mg, 5 mmol, Aldrich) wassubjected to microwave irradiation at 200° C. for 10 min. The reactionmixture was allowed to cool to room temperature then treated with 5NNaOH (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). The combined organicextracts were washed with brine (5 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered.The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by silicagel chromatography, eluting with 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂+1% ammonia (30% inwater) to give the title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 231 (M+1).

(b) 5-Trifluoromethyl-1,3-dihydrobenzoimidazol-2-one

A mixture of 4-trifluoromethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine (8.8 g, 50 mmol,Lancaster) and 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (9.0 g, 55 mmol, Aldrich) in THF(50 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The solvent wasremoved in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gelchromatography, eluting with EtOAc to give the title compound. MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/z: 203 (M+1).

(c) 2-Chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

A solution of the dihydrobenzoimidazol-2-one from step (b) above (2.02g, 10 mmol) in POCl₃ (30 mL) was heated at 95° C. for 16 h. The reactionmixture was cooled to room temperature, the solvent was removed in vacuoand the resulting oily residue subjected to azeotropic distillation withtoluene (3×50 mL) at 50° C. The crude product was dissolved in EtOAc (50mL), washed with brine (10 mL) then dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. Thesolvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was recrystallized fromEtOAc/hexane to give the title compound.

(d)2-[4-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

A mixture of the benzoimidazole from step (c) above (75 mg, 0.34 mmol),the piperazine from step (a) above (90 mg, 0.39 mmol) andN,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.1 mL, 0.58 mmol, Aldrich) in DMSO (2 mL)was stirred at 80° C. for 24 h. The mixture was cooled to roomtemperature, water (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted withEtOAc (2×20 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water(2×10 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The solventwas removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gelchromatography, eluting with 20% EtOAc/hexane to give the title compoundas a white solid. M.p. 263-265° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 415 (M+1).

Example 2

2-[4-(2,6-Dichlorobenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 2-piperazin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

A mixture of 2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (221 mg, 1mmol, Example 1c), piperazine (172 mg, 2 mmol, Aldrich) and DMSO (2 mL)was stirred at 80° C. for 24 h. The mixture was cooled to roomtemperature, water (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted withEtOAc (2×20 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water (2×5mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The solvent wasremoved in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gelchromatography, eluting with 10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂+1% ammonia (30% in water)to give the title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 271 (M+1).

(b)2-[4-(2,6-Dichlorobenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

A mixture of the benzoimidazole from step (a) above (96 mg, 0.36 mmol),2,6-dichlorobenzyl bromide (86 mg, 0.36 mmol, Aldrich) and NaHCO₃ (151mg, 1.8 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h.Water (10 mL) was then added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc(2×20 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water (5 mL) andbrine (5 mL) then dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The solvent wasremoved in vacuo and the residue purified by silica gel chromatography,eluting with 40% EtOAc/hexane. The material was recrystallized fromEtOAc/hexanes to give the title compound as a white solid. M.p. 254-256°C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 429 (M+1).

Example 3

2-[4-(3-Chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 4-(3-Chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylEster

A mixture of 2,3-dichloropyridine (10 g, 67.5 mmol, Aldrich), tert-butyl1-piperazinecarboxylate (12.58 g, 67.5 mmol, Aldrich), copper powder(0.5 g, 7.8 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (9.33 g, 67.5 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) wasstirred at 120° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to roomtemperature, concentrated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved inEtOAc (200 mL). The organic solution was washed with saturated aqueoussolution of NaHCO₃ (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, andfiltered. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purifiedby silica gel column chromatography, eluting with 15% EtOAc/hexane, togive the title compound as an orange oil. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 298(M+1).

(b) 1-(3-Chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazine Hydrochloride

To a solution of the ester from step (a) above (2.98 g, 10 mmol) in MeOH(5 mL) was added saturated solution of hydrogen chloride in EtOAc (50mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The solventwas removed in vacuo, and the residue was washed with EtOAc and dried inthe air to provide the title compound as a light-yellow solid. MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/z: 198 (M+1).

(c)2-[4-(3-Chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

A mixture of the hydrochloride salt from step (b) above (0.564 g, 2.4mmol), 2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.27 g, 1.22 mmol,Example 1c) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.84 mL, 4.8 mmol, Aldrich)in MeCN (1 mL) was subjected to microwave irradiation at 180° C. withstirring for 20 min. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residuewas purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with 30%EtOAc/hexane, to give the title compound as a white solid. M.p. 208-210°C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 382 (M+1).

Example 4

2-[4-(3-Chloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a) 3,4-Dichloropyridine

N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (14 mL, 0.1 mol, Aldrich) was added drop-wiseto a solution of n-butyllithium (40 mL, 2.5M in hexane, Aldrich) in aTHF/hexane (140 mL/60 mL) mixture with stirring at −78° C.3-Chloropyridine (9.4 mL, 0.1 mol, Aldrich) was added, the reactionmixture was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h and then treated with1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (12 mL, 0.1 mol, Aldrich) at −78° C. Thereaction was quenched with a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (100mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic extractswere dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas purified by silica gel column chromatography (10% EtOAc/hexane) toafford the title compound as an orange oil. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 150(M+1).

(b) 1-(3-Chloropyridin-4-yl)piperazine-4-carboxylic Acid tert-butylEster

The pyridine from step (a) above (5 g, 3.38 mmol) andtert-butylpiperazinecarboxylate (6.29 g, 3.38 mmol, Aldrich) reactedunder the conditions of Example 3a to give the title compound as anorange oil. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 298 (M+1).

(c) 1-(3-Chloropyridin-4-yl)piperazine, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A solution of the ester from step (b) above (5 g, 16.79 mmol) in a 1:1mixture of CF₃COOH/CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) was stirred for 2 h at roomtemperature. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give the title compoundas an orange oil, which was used in the next step without purification.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 198 (M+1).

(d)2-[4-(3-Chloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

The piperazine from step (c) above (0.9 g, 1.67 mmol),2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.370 g, 1.67 mmol,Example 1c) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.16 mL, 6.68 mmol, Aldrich)reacted under the conditions of Example 3c and the product was purifiedby preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile)to give the title compound. M.p. 159-161° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 382(M+1).

Example 5

4-Chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 4-Chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dihydrobenzoimidazol-2-one

3-Chloro-4,5-diaminobenzotrifluoride (10 g, 47.48 mmol, Lancaster)reacted under the conditions of Example 1b to give the title compound.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 237 (M+1).

(b) 2,4-Dichloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazol-2-one from step (a) above (10.2 g, 43.1 mmol) reactedunder the conditions of Example 1c to give the title compound as a whitesolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 255 (M+1).

(c)4-Chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazole from step (b) above (69.3 mg, 0.3 mmol) reacted with1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (128 mg, 0.5 mmol,Fluorochem) under the conditions of Example 1d to give the titlecompound as a white solid. M.p. 204° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 450(M+1).

Example 6

4-Bromo-2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dihydrobenzoimidazol-2-one

3-Bromo-4,5-diaminobenzotrifluoride (9.9 g, 38.8 mmol, Apollo) reactedunder the conditions of Example 1b to give the title compound. MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/z: 281 (M+1).

(b) 4-Bromo-2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazol-2-one from step (a) above (7.42 g, 26.4 mmol) reactedunder the conditions of Example 1c to give the title compound as a whitesolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 299 (M+1).

(c)4-Bromo-2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazole from step (b) above (210 mg, 0.7 mmol),1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazine hydrochloride (187 mg, 0.8 mmol,Example 3b) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.28 mL, 1.6 mmol, Aldrich)were reacted under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 461 (M+1).

Example 7

4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The reaction of 1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (128 mg, 0.5mmol, Fluorochem) and4-bromo-2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (210 mg, 0.7 mmol,Example 6b) under the conditions of Example 3c afforded the titlecompound as a white solid. M.p. 196° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 494(M+1).

Example 8

4-Chloro-2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The reaction of 1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazine hydrochloride (99 mg,0.5 mmol, Example 3b) and2,4-dichloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (76 mg, 0.3 mmol,Example 5b) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.17 mL, 1 mmol, Aldrich)under the conditions of Example 3c afforded the title compound as awhite amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 416 (M+1).

Example 9

4-Bromo-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 1-(3,5-Dichloropyridin-2-yl)piperazine

Piperazine (256 mg, 3.0 mmol, Aldrich) and 2,3,5-trichloropyridine (364mg, 20 mmol, Aldrich) were reacted under the conditions of Example 3a togive the title compound as a light-yellow solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z:232 (M+1).

(b)4-Bromo-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The piperazine from step (a) above (162 mg, 0.7 mmol) and4-bromo-2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (168 mg, 0.56 mmol,Example 6b) reacted under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a white solid. M.p. 176-179° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 495(M+1).

Example 10

4-Pyridin-3-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

A mixture of4-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(99 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 7), diethyl(3-pyridyl)borane (37 mg, 0.25mmol, Aldrich), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (23 mg, 0.02 mmol, Aldrich), Na₂CO₃ (32 mg,0.3 mmol) and dimethoxyethane (1 mL) was subjected to microwaveirradiation at 200° C. with stirring for 40 min. The solvent was removedin vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography,eluting with 60% EtOAc/hexane, to give the title compound as a yellowamorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 493 (M+1).

Example 11

2-[4-(3-Chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-4-pyridin-3-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The reaction of4-bromo-2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(92 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 6c) under the conditions of Example 10 gavethe title compound as a yellow amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z:459 (M+1).

Example 12

4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The reaction of 1-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine(212 mg, 0.8 mmol, ABCR) and4-bromo-2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (210 mg, 0.7 mmol,Example 6b) under the conditions of Example 3c afforded the titlecompound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 530 (M+1).

Example 13

2-[1-(3-Chloropyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 1-(3-Chloropyridin-2-yl)piperidine-4-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester

2,3-Dichloropyridine (1.48 g, 10 mmol, Aldrich) andpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1.43 g, 10 mmol, Aldrich)were reacted under the conditions of Example 3a to give the titlecompound as a colorless viscous oil. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 256 (M+1).

(b) 1-(3-Chloropyridin-2-yl)piperidine-4-carboxylic Acid

A mixture of the ester from step (a) above (1.77 g, 6.9 mmol) and 5NNaOH (4 mL) in THF/MeOH (20 mL/30 mL) mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 16 h. The organic solvent was removed in vacuo, theaqueous solution was acidified with 10% HCl to pH 2 and then lyophilizedto give the title compound, which was used in the next step withoutadditional purification. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 241 (M+1).

(c)N-(2-Amino-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1-[1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]formamideandN-(2-Amino-5-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1-[1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]formamide

To a solution of the acid from step (b) above (0.48 g, 2 mmol) in DMF(20 mL) was added 3,4-diaminobenzotrifluoride (0.354 g, 2 mmol,Lancaster), followed by N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.516 g, 4 mmol,Aldrich) and O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate (0.912 g, 2.4 mmol, Aldrich). The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 16 h, and then concentrated invacuo. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc and the organic solution waswashed with saturated NaHCO₃ and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gelchromatography, eluting with hexane/EtOAc (3:7) to give the titlecompound as a purple solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 399 (M+1).

(d)2-[1-(3-Chloropyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

A solution of the mixture of the amides from step (c) above inAcOH/toluene (30 mL/3 mL) was stirred at 75° C. for 3 h in a 100 mLround-bottomed flask opened to air. The reaction was then cooled to roomtemperature and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue wasdissolved in EtOAc and the organic solution was washed with saturatedNaHCO₃ and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting withEtOAc/hexane (1:3) to afford the title compound as a brown solid. M.p.74° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 381 (M+1).

Example 14

2-[4-(3,5-Dichloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 5-Methyl-1,3-dihydrobenzoimidazol-2-one

The reaction of 4-methylbenzene-1,2-diamine (14.36 g, 0.117 mol,Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 1b afforded the title compoundas an off-white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 149 (M+1).

(b) 2-Chloro-6-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazol-2-one from step (a) above (4.5 g, 0.03 mol) reactedunder the conditions of Example 1c to give the title compound as a pinksolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 167 (M+1).

(c)2-[4-(3,5-Dichloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazole from step (b) above (0.287 g, 1.73 mmol) and1-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)piperazine (0.4 g, 1.73 mmol, Maybridge)reacted under the conditions of Example 1d to give the title compound asa white solid. M.p. 251-254° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 362 (M+1).

Example 15

2-[4-(3-Chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The reaction of 2-chloro-6-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.202 g, 1.59 mmol,Example 14b), 1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazine hydrochloride (0.373 g,1.22 mmol, Example 3b) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.56 mL, 3.2 mmol,Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 3c afforded the title compoundas a white solid. M.p. 258-259° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 328 (M+1).

Example 16

6-Methyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The reaction of 2-chloro-6-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.261 g, 1.57 mmol,Example 14b) with 1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (0.54 g,1.6 mmol, Maybridge) under the conditions of Example 3c afforded thetitle compound as a white solid. M.p. 216-217° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 362 (M+1).

Example 17

6-tert-Butyl-2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 5-tert-Butyl-1,3-dihydrobenzoimidazol-2-one

The reaction of 4-tert-butylbenzene-1,2-diamine (5 g, 30.5 mmol,Maybridge) under the conditions of Example 1b afforded the titlecompound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 191 (M+1).

(b) 6-tert-Butyl-2-chloro-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazol-2-one from step (a) above (5.4 g, 28 mmol) reactedunder the conditions of Example 1c to give the title compound as anoff-white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 209 (M+1).

(c)6-tert-Butyl-2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazole from step (b) above (0.209 g, 1 mmol),1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazine hydrochloride (0.304 g, 1.3 mmol,Example 3b) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.45 mL, 2.6 mmol, Aldrich)were reacted under the conditions of Example 1d to give the titlecompound as a yellow amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 371 (M+1).

Example 18

6-tert-Butyl-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The 6-tert-butyl-2-chloro-1H-benzoimidazole (209 mg, 1 mmol, Example17b) and 1-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)piperazine (464 mg, 2 mmol,Maybridge) reacted under the conditions of Example 1d to give the titlecompound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 404 (M+1).

Example 19

6-tert-Butyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The reaction of 6-tert-butyl-2-chloro-1H-benzoimidazole (0.209 g, 1mmol, Example 17b) with 1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine(0.346 g, 1.65 mmol, Maybridge) under the conditions of Example 3cafforded the title compound as a white solid. M.P. 247-249° C. MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/z: 404 (M+1).

Example 20

6-Chloro-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 5-Chloro-1,3-dihydrobenzoimidazol-2-one

The reaction of 4-chlorobenzene-1,2-diamine (10 g, 0.07 mol, Aldrich)under the conditions of Example 1b afforded the title compound as a redsolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 169 (M+1).

(b) 2,5-Dichloro-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazol-2-one from step (a) above (6.5 g, 38.7 mmol) reactedunder the conditions of Example 1c to give the title compound as a brownsolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 187 (M+1).

(c)6-Chloro-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazole from step (b) above (0.186 g, 0.995 mmol) and1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (0.23 g, 0.995 mmol,Maybridge) reacted under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a white solid. M.p. 228-231° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 382(M+1).

Example 21

6-Chloro-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The 2,5-dichloro-1H-benzoimidazole (0.37 g, 1.98 mmol, Example 20b) and1-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)piperazine (0.46 g, 1.98 mmol, Maybridge)reacted under the conditions of Example 3c to give the title compound asa white solid. M.p. 258-260° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 382 (M+1).

Example 22

6-Chloro-2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The 2,5-dichloro-1H-benzoimidazole (0.244 g, 1.3 mmol, Example 20b),1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazine hydrochloride (0.4 g, 1.7 mmol,Example 3b) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.59 mL, 3.4 mmol, Aldrich)were reacted under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a white solid. M.p. 214-215° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 348(M+1).

Example 23

6-Bromo-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 5-Bromo-1,3-dihydrobenzoimidazol-2-one

The reaction of 4-bromobenzene-1,2-diamine (10 g, 53.4 mmol, Indofine)under the conditions of Example 1b afforded the title compound as a graysolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 214 (M+1).

(b) 5-Bromo-2-chloro-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazol-2-one from step (a) above (4.2 g, 20 mmol) reactedunder the conditions of Example 1c to give the title compound as a graysolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 232 (M+1).

(c)6-Bromo-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazole from step (b) above (0.115 g, 0.5 mmol) and1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (0.231 g, 1 mmol, Maybridge)reacted under the conditions of Example 3c to give the title compound asa white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 426 (M+1).

Example 24

6-Bromo-2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The 5-bromo-2-chloro-1H-benzoimidazole (0.115 g, 0.5 mmol, Example 23b),1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazine (0.198 g, 1 mmol, Example 3b) andN,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.35 mL, 2 mmol, Aldrich) were reacted underthe conditions of Example 3c to give the title compound as a whitesolid. M.p. 207-208° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 394 (M+1).

Example 25

5,6-Dichloro-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 5,6-Dichloro-1,3-dihydrobenzoimidazol-2-one

The reaction of 4,5-dichlorobenzene-1,2-diamine (10 g, 56.5 mmol,Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 1b afforded the title compoundas an off-white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 204 (M+1).

(b) 2,5,6-Trichloro-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazol-2-one from step (a) above (10 g, 49 mmol) reactedunder the conditions of Example 1c to give the title compound as anoff-white solid.

(c)5,6-Dichloro-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazole from step (b) above (0.110 g, 0.5 mmol) and1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (0.231 g, 1 mmol, Maybridge)reacted under the conditions Example 3c to give the title compound as awhite amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 416 (M+1).

Example 26

2-[4-(3-Chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-5,6-dichloro-1H-benzoimidazole

The 2,5,6-trichloro-1H-benzoimidazole (0.110 g, 0.5 mmol, Example 25b),1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazine hydrochloride (0.234 g, 1 mmol,Example 3b) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.35 mL, 2 mmol, Aldrich)were reacted under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 382 (M+1).

Example 27

6-Chloro-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-5-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 5-Chloro-6-methyl-1,3-dihydrobenzoimidazol-2-one

The reaction of 4-chloro-5-methylbenzene-1,2-diamine (10 g, 64 mmol,Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 1b afforded the title compoundas a off-white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 204 (M+1).

(b) 2,5-Dichloro-6-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazol-2-one from step (a) above (10.6 g, 58 mmol, Aldrich)reacted under the conditions of Example 1c to give the title compound asa brown solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 201 (M+1).

(c)6-Chloro-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-5-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazole from step (b) above (0.201 g, 1 mmol) and1-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)piperazine (0.462 g, 2 mmol, Maybridge)reacted under the conditions of Example 1d to give the title compound asa white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 396 (M+1).

Example 28

2-[4-(8-Hydroxyquinolin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 2-Chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline

A mixture of 2,8-dihydroxyquinoline (4 g, 24.8 mmol, Fluka) andphosphorus oxychloride (20 mL, Aldrich) was stirred at 100° C. for 1 h.The clear solution was cooled to room temperature and poured slowly withstirring into a mixture of NH₄OH (150 mL) and crushed ice (200 g). Thewhite solid that precipitated was filtered, dissolved in concentratedHCl (200 mL) and stirred at 100° C. for 1 h. Neutralization of thecooled to room temperature acid solution with NH₄OH afforded whiteprecipitate, which was filtered, washed with water and dried to give thetitle compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 180 (M+1).

(b) 1-(8-Hydroxyquinolin-2-yl)piperazine

The quinoline from step (a) above (0.18 g, 1 mmol) and piperazine (0.172g, 2 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 3a to givethe title compound as a white solid.

(c)2-[4-(8-Hydroxyquinolin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The piperazine from step (b) above (0.329 g, 1.67 mmol) and2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.370 g, 1.67 mmol,Example 1c) reacted under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound. M.p. 191-193° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 414 (M+1).

Example 29

4,6-Bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 1,3-Dihydro-4,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoimidazol-2-one

3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-diaminobenzene (10 g, 41 mmol, ABCR)reacted under the conditions of Example 1b to give the title compound.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 271 (M+1).

(b) 4,6-Bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-chloro-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazol-2-one from step (a) above (6 g, 22 mmol) reacted underthe conditions of Example 1c to give the title compound as a whitesolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 289 (M+1).

(c)4,6-Bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazole from step (b) above (115 mg, 0.4 mmol) and1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (140 mg, 0.6 mmol,Maybridge) reacted under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a white solid. M.p. 142° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 484(M+1).

Example 30

6-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 4-(3-Trifluoromethylpyridin-4-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl Ester

The reaction of 4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylpyridine (2.05 g, 9.4 mmol,Matrix Scientific) and tert-butyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate (2.1 g, 11.3mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 3a afforded the crudeproduct, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (60%EtOAc/hexane) to give the title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 332 (M+1).

(b) 1-(3-Trifluoromethylpyridin-4-yl)piperazine Trihydrochloride

The ester from step (a) above (1.9 g, 5.7 mmol) reacted under theconditions of Example 3b to give the title compound as a white solid. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 232 (M+1).

(c)6-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The piperazine from step (b) above (0.55 g, 1.81 mmol),2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.4 g, 1.81 mmol, Example1c) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.63 mL, 3.62 mmol, Aldrich) reactedunder the conditions of Example 3c to give the title compound as alight-yellow solid. M.p. 220-224° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 416 (M+1).

Example 31

4-Chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The reaction of 1-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine(186 mg, 0.7 mmol, ABCR) and2,4-dichloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (127 mg, 0.5 mmol,Example 5b) under the conditions of Example 3c afforded the titlecompound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 484 (M+1).

Example 32

2-(4-Methoxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 4-Hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidine-1-carboxylic Acid tert-butyl Ester

A solution of 4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidine (5.42 g, 30.5 mmol, Aldrich)and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (6.67 g, 30.5 mmol, Aldrich) in CH₂Cl₂(200 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The solvent wasremoved in vacuo and the residue was suspended in 2% EtOAc/hexanesolution (50 mL), filtered and dried in the air to give the titlecompound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 278 (M+1).

(b) 4-Methoxy-4-phenylpiperidine-1-carboxylic Acid tert-butyl Ester

To a solution of the ester from step (a) above (4.3 g, 15.5 mol) in DMF(30 mL) was added NaH (60% in mineral oil, 0.93 g, 23.2 mmol) and themixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. MeI (1.16 mL, 18.6 mmol, Aldrich)was added drop-wise with stirring at 0° C., and the mixture was stirredat room temperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture was diluted withEtOAc (50 mL), washed with saturated solution of NH₄Cl (25 mL) and brine(25 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The solvent was removed invacuo and the residue purified by silica gel chromatography, elutingwith 10% EtOAc/hexane, to give the title compound as a light-yellow oil,which was used in the next step without additional purification. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 292 (M+1).

(c) 4-Methoxy-4-phenylpiperidine Hydrochloride

A mixture of the ester from step (b) above (8.6 g) and saturatedsolution of hydrogen chloride in EtOAc (100 mL) was stirred at roomtemperature for 1 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residuewas washed with EtOAc, and dried in vacuo to give the title compound asa white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 192 (M+1).

(d)2-(4-Methoxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The piperidine from step(c) above (0.39 g, 1.72 mmol),2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.38 g, 1.72 mmol, Example1c) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.59 mL, 3.4 mmol, Aldrich) reactedunder the conditions of Example 1d to give the title compound as anamorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 376 (M+1).

Example 33

2-[4-(5-Chloropyrimidin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 5-Chloro-3H-pyrimidin-4-one

4(3H)-Pyrimidone (2.98 g, 31 mmol, Aldrich) was added to a solution ofchlorine (2.2 g, 31 mmol) in AcOH (50 mL) prepared by bubbling ofchlorine gas for 10 min at room temperature. The mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 5 h and then concentrated to a 30 mL volume byevaporation of the solvent in vacuo. The solid which precipitated wasfiltered and dried at 40° C. for 24 h to give the title compound as awhite solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 131 (M+1).

(b) 4,5-Dichloropyrimidine

A solution of the pyrimidin-4-one from step (a) above (3.5 g, 26.8 mmol)in phosphorus oxychloride (50 mL) was heated under for 3 h. The reactionmixture was cooled to room temperature, the solvent was evaporated invacuo and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (100 mL). The organicsolution was washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (50 mL)and brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated invacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography,eluting with 10% EtOAc/hexane, to give the title compound as an orangeoil. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 131 (M+1).

(c) 4-(5-Chloro-pyrimidin-4-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic Acid tert-butylEster

The pyrimidine from step (b) above (1.75 g, 1.2 mmol) and tert-butyl1-piperazinecarboxylate (2.235 g, 0.012 mol, Aldrich) reacted under theconditions of Example 3a to give the title compound as an orange oil. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 299 (M+1).

(d) 1-(5-Chloropyrimidin-4-yl)piperazine, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A solution of the ester from step (c) above (1.8 g, 6 mmol) in a 1:1mixture of CF₃CO₂H/CH₂Cl₂ (60 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1h. The solvents were removed in vacuo to give the title compound as anorange oil, which was used in the next step without additionalpurification: MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 199 (M+1).

(e)2-[4-(5-Chloropyrimidin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The piperazine from step (d) above (0.62 g, 1.45 mmol),2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.32 g, 1.45 mmol, Example1c) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.76 mL, 4.35 mmol, Aldrich) reactedunder the conditions of Example 1d to give the title compound as anamorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 383 (M+1).

Example 34

4-Bromo-2-[4-(5-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The reaction of 1-(5-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)piperazine trifluoroaceticacid salt (0.414 g, 0.97 mmol, Example 33d),4-bromo-2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.29 g, 0.97 mmol,Example 9b) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.5 mL, 2.91 mmol, Aldrich)under the conditions of Example 1d gave the title compound as anamorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 461 (M+1).

Example 35

7-Pyridin-2-yl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzoimidazole

A mixture of4-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(148 mg, 0.3 mmol, Example 7), 2-tributylstannylpyridine (148 mg, 0.5mmol, Frontier), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (46 mg, 0.04 mmol, Aldrich) and 1,4-dioxane(1 mL) was subjected to microwave irradiation at 140° C. with stirringfor 60 min. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue waspurified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with 60% EtOAc/hexane, togive the title compound as a yellow amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 493 (M+1).

Example 36

7-Thiazol-2-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The reaction of4-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(148 mg, 0.3 mmol, Example 7) with 2-tributylstannylthiazole (MatrixScientific) under the conditions of Example 35 gave the title compoundas an amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 499 (M+1).

Example 37

7-Pyrazin-2-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The reaction of4-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(Example 7) with 2-tributylstannylpyrazine (Matrix Scientific) under theconditions of Example 35 gave the title compound as an amorphous solid.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 494 (M+1).

Example 38

2-[4-(3,5-Dichloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-7-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

The reaction of4-bromo-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(99 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 9) and 3,4-difluorophenylboronic acid (40 mg,0.25 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 10 gave the titlecompound as a light-yellow amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 528(M+1).

Example 39

7-Bromo-2-[4-(3,5-difluoropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 4-(3,5,6-Trifluoro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic Acidtert-butyl Ester

A mixture of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridine (755 mg, 5 mmol, Aldrich),1-Boc-piperazine (558 mg, 3 mmol, Aldrich) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine(1 mL, 5.8 mmol, Aldrich) in NMP (5 mL) was heated at 150° C. for 16 h.The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, water (25 mL) wasadded, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×40 mL). The combinedorganic phases were washed with brine (50 mL), then dried over Na₂SO₄and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with 20%EtOAc/hexane to give the title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 318 (M+1).

(b) 4-(3,5-Difluoro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic Acidtert-butyl Ester

(Analogous to the procedure of Hee-Gweon Woo; Bo-Hye, Kim and Sun-JungSong, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 1999, 20, 865-866).4-(3,5,6-Trifluoro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester from step (a) above (950 mg, 3 mmol) was added to a mixture ofbis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium dichloride (37 mg, 0.15 mmol, Aldrich) andRed-Al (1.32 mL, Aldrich) in toluene (3 mL). The reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 3 h and quenched by the addition ofwater (50 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×40 mL) and thecombined organic phases were washed with brine (50 mL), dried overNa₂SO₄, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and theresidue was purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with 20%EtOAc/hexane to give the title compound as a light-yellow oil. MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/z: 300 (M+1).

(c) 1-(3,5-Difluoro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine

A mixture of 4-(3,5-difluoro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester from step (b) above (140 mg, 0.47 mmol) and 4 Msolution of HCl in dioxane (1 mL, Aldrich) was stirred at roomtemperature for 30 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and theresidue was dissolved in EtOAc (30 mL). The solution was washedsuccessively with 1 N NaOH (20 mL) and brine (20 mL), dried over MgSO₄,filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was purifiedby silica gel chromatography, eluting with 10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to givethe title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 200 (M+1).

(d)7-Bromo-2-[4-(3,5-difluoropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

The piperazine from step (c) above (80 mg, 0.4 mmol) reacted with2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (44 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example1c) under the conditions of Example 3c to give the title compound as awhite amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 462 (M+1).

Example 40

2-[4-(3,5-Dichloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The reaction of4-bromo-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(99 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 9) and 3-trifluoromethylphenylboronic acid (48mg, 0.25 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 10 gave thetitle compound as a light-yellow amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 560 (M+1).

Example 41

2-[4-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 1-(3-Bromo-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine

A mixture of 3-bromo-2-chloropyridine (0.96 g, 5 mmol, Aldrich),piperazine (0.86 g, 10 mmol, Aldrich) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1mL, 5.8 mmol, Aldrich) was heated in a microwave synthesizer for 40 minat 200° C. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue waspurified by column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 10% MeOHin dichloromethane to give the title compound as a white amorphoussolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 242 (M+1).

(b)2-[4-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

The piperazine from step (a) above (97 mg, 0.4 mmol) reacted with6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-chloro-1H-benzoimidazole (86 mg, 0.3 mmol,Example 29b) under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a white amorphous solid. M.p. 166° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 494 (M+1).

Example 42

7-(3,4-Difluorobenzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of4-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(148 mg, 0.3 mmol, Example 7), 0.5 M solution of 3,4-difluorobenzylzincbromide in THF (2 mL, 1 mmol, Aldrich) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (35 mg, 0.03 mmol,Aldrich) was heated at reflux for 12 h. The solvent was removed in vacuoand the residue was purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as awhite amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 542 (M+1).

Example 43

2-[(3R)-4-(2-Bromophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-7-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)(2R)-1-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazine and(3R)-1-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine

A mixture of 3-bromo-2-chloropyridine (2 g, 9 mmol, Aldrich),(R)-(−)-2-methylpiperazine (1.5 g. 15 mmol) andN,N-diisopropylethylamine (1 mL, 5.8 mmol) in NMP (1 mL) was heated in amicrowave synthesizer for 60 min at 240° C. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with 10%MeOH in dichloromethane to give 0.5 g (22%) of(2R)-1-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazine MS (ESI, pos. ion). MSm/z: 256 (M+1), and 0.75 g (33%) of(3R)-1-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine. MS m/z: 256 (M+1).

(b)2-[(3R)-4-(2-Bromophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-7-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

(2R)-1-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine from step (a) above (77mg, 0.3 mmol,) reacted with2,4-dichloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (51 mg, 0.2 mmol,Example 5b) under the conditions of Example 3c to give the crudeproduct. Purification by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroaceticacid in acetonitrile) gave the title compound as a white amorphoussolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 474 (M+1).

Example 44

2-[(3R)-4-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-7-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

(2R)-1-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine (77 mg, 0.3 mmol,Example 43a) reacted with2,4-dichloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (51 mg, 0.2 mmol,Example 5b) under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 474 (M+1).

Example 45

2-[(3R)-4-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

(2R)-1-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine (77 mg, 0.3 mmol,Example 43a) reacted with2-chloro-4,6-bis-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (58 mg, 0.2 mmol,Example 29b) under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 508 (M+1).

Example 46

(2-{4-[7-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}pyridin-3-yl)methanol(a) (2-piperazin-1-ylpyridin-3-yl)methanol

A mixture of (2-fluoro-pyridin-3-yl)methanol (1 g, 8 mmol, Asymchem),piperazine (1.3 g, 15 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1 mL, 5.8mmol, Aldrich) was reacted under the conditions of Example 43a to givethe title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 194 (M+1).

(b)(2-{4-[7-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}pyridin-3-yl)methanol

The piperazine from step (a) above (97 mg, 0.5 mmol) reacted with2,4-dichloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (85 mg, 0.33 mmol,Example 5b) under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a white solid. M.p. 252° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 412(M+1).

Example 47

(2-{4-[7-Bromo-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}pyridin-3-yl)methanol

(2-piperazin-1-ylpyridin-3-yl)methanol (0.48 g, 2.5 mmol, Example 46a)reacted with 4-bromo-2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.60g, 2 mmol, Example 6b) under the conditions of Example 3c to give thetitle compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 456(M+1).

Example 48

7-Chloro-2-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(a)7-Chloro-2-[(3R)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

A mixture of 2,4-dichloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.51 g, 2mmol, Example 5b), (R)-(−)-2-methylpiperazine (0.25 g. 2.5 mmol) andN,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.5 mL, 2.9 mmol) in NMP (5 mL) was heated at120° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature,diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). Thecombined organic phases were washed with brine (10 mL), dried overNa₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and theresidue was purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with 10% MeOHin dichloromethane to give the title compound as a light-yellow solid.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 319 (M+1).

(b)7-Chloro-2-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

A mixture of the piperazine from step (a) above (80 mg, 0.25 mmol),2-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridine (54 mg, 0.3 mmol, Aldrich) andN,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.5 mL, 2.9 mmol, Aldrich) was heated in amicrowave synthesizer for 120 min at 250° C. Water (10 mL) was added andthe mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). The combined organicphases were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered.The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified bysilica gel chromatography, eluting with 35% EtOAc/hexane to give thetitle compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 464(M+1).

Example 49

7-Chloro-2-[(3R)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

A mixture of 2,3-dichloro-pyridine (44 mg, 0.3 mmol, Aldrich),7-chloro-2-[(3R)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(80 mg, 0.25 mmol, Example 48a) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.1 mL,0.58 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 48b to givethe title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z:430 (M+1).

Example 50

7-Bromo-2-[(3R)-4-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

4-Bromo-2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (145 mg, 0.5 mmol,Example 6b) reacted with (2R)-1-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazine(154 mg, 0.6 mmol, Example 43a) under the conditions of Example 3c, andthe crude product was purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as awhite amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 518 (M+1).

Example 51

2-[(3R)-4-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(a)6-(Trifluoromethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one

A mixture of 4-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dihydrobenzoimidazol-2-one(1.12 g, 4 mmol, Example 6a), 3,4,5-trifluorophenylboronic acid (1.1 g,6 mmol, Lancaster), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (35 mg, 0.05 mmol, Aldrich), Na₂CO₃.H₂O(1 g, 8 mmol), dimethoxyethane (7 mL), H₂O (3 mL) and EtOH (2 mL) wassubjected to microwave irradiation at 120° C. with stirring for 10 min.Water (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×20mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine (10 mL), driedover Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, andthe residue was purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with 35%EtOAc/hexane to give the title compound as a light-brown solid. MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/z: 333 (M+1).

(b)2-Chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazol-2-one from step (a) above (1.1 g, 3.3 mmol) reactedwith POCl₃ under the conditions of Example 1c to give the title compoundas a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 350 (M+1).

(c)2-[(3R)-4-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazole from step (b) above (105 mg, 0.3 mmol) reacted with(2R)-1-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazine (77 mg, 0.3 mmol,Example 43a) under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 570 (M+1).

Example 52

2-[4-(3-Chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

The reaction of4-bromo-2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(92 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 9) with 3,4,5-trifluorophenylboronic acid (52mg, 0.3 mmol, Lancaster) under the conditions of Example 10 afforded thecrude product, which was purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as awhite amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 512 (M+1).

Example 53

5-(Trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)(2-pyridyl)]piperazinyl}benzoimidazole

The title compound was prepared from1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (Maybridge) and2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (Example 1c) under theconditions of Example 3c. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 416 (M+1). M.p.221-224° C.

Example 54

2-[4-(3,5-Dichloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

4-Bromo-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(296 mg, 0.6 mmol, Example 9) reacted with 3,4,5-trifluorophenylboronicacid (161 mg, 0.9 mmol, Lancaster) under the conditions of Example 51ato give the title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 546 (M+1).

Example 55

2-[4-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

2-Chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(140 mg, 0.4 mmol, Example 51b) reacted with1-(3-bromo-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine (120 mg, 0.5 mmol, Example 41a)under the conditions of Example 3c to give the title compound as a whiteamorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 556 (M+1).

Example 56

N-Methyl-2-{4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}pyridine-3-sulfonamide(a) 2-piperazin-1-yl-pyridine-3-sulfonic Acid Methylamide

A mixture of 2-chloro-N-methyl-3-pyridinesulfonamide (1 g, 4.8 mmol,Specs), piperazine (0.43 g, 5 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1 mL,5.8 mmol, Aldrich) was reacted under the conditions of Example 41a togive the title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 257 (M+1).

(b)N-Methyl-2-{4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}pyridine-3-sulfonamide

The piperazine from step (a) above (128 mg, 0.5 mmol) reacted with2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(140 mg, 0.4 mmol, Example 51b) under the conditions of Example 3c togive the title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 571 (M+1).

Example 57

7-Nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 3-Nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzene-1,2-diamine

4-Amino-3,5-dininitrobenzotrifluoride (25 g, 100 mmol, Aldrich) wasadded to a suspension of 10% Pd/C (4 g) in EtOH (150 mL) under ahydrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 4 h, filtered through a pad of Celite®, and the filtratewas evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified bysilica gel column chromatography, eluting with 45% EtOAc/hexane to givethe title compound as a yellow solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 222 (M+1).

(b) 4-Nitro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one

The reaction of 3-nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzene-1,2-diamine (2.2 g,10 mmol) with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (1.78 g, 11 mmol, Aldrich) underthe conditions of Example 1b afforded the title compound as a yellowsolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 248 (M+1).

(c) 2-Chloro-4-nitro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazol-2-one from step (b) above (1.8 g, 7.3 mmol) reactedwith POCl₃ under the conditions of Example 1c to give the title compoundas a yellow solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 266 (M+1).

(d)7-Nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazole from step (c) above (1.5 g, 5.7 mmol) and1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (1.8 g, 7.8 mmol, Matrix)reacted under the conditions of Example 3c to give the title compound asa orange solid. M.p. 192° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 461 (M+1).

Example 58

5-(Trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-7-amine

7-Nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzoimidazole(1.8 g, 3.9 mmol, Example 57d) reacted under the conditions of Example57a to give the title compound as a off-white amorphous solid. MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/z: 431 (M+1).

Example 59

N-(3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-7-amine

NaBH(OAc)₃ (211 mg, 1 mmol, Aldrich) was added to a mixture of5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-7-amine(215 mg, 0.5 mmol, Example 58) and 3,4,5-trifluoro-benzaldehyde (88 mg,0.55 mmol, Aldrich) in chloroform (2 mL) in one portion. The reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and concentrated invacuo. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (30 mL), and washedsuccessively with 1 N NaOH (15 mL) and brine (15 mL), dried over MgSO₄,filtered, and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with 25% EtOAc/hexane togive the title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 575(M+1).

Example 60

(5-Chloro-6-{4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}pyridin-3-yl)methanol(a) (5-Chloro-6-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)methanol

A mixture of 5,6-dichloro-3-pyridinemethanol (0.71 g, 4 mmol, TCI-US),piperazine (0.52 g, 6 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1 mL, 5.8mmol, Aldrich) was reacted under the conditions of Example 43a to givethe title compound as a light-yellow solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 228(M+1).

(b)(5-Chloro-6-{4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}pyridin-3-yl)methanol

The piperazine from step (a) above (114 mg, 0.5 mmol) reacted with2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(140 mg, 0.4 mmol, Example 51b) under the conditions of Example 3c togive the title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 542 (M+1).

Example 61

(5-Chloro-6-{4-[7-iodo-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}pyridin-3-yl)methanol(a) 4-Amino-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one

4-Nitro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one (1.7 g, 7mmol, Example 57b) reacted under the conditions of Example 57a to givethe title compound as a brown solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 218 (M+1).

(b) 4-Iodo-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one

(Analogous to the procedure described in Heterocycles, 2001, 55,461-464). To a solution of4-amino-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one from step(a) above (0.76 g, 3.5 mmol) in 20 mL of DCM was added CsI (0.91 g, 3.5mmol), I₂ (0.44 g, 1.75 mmol), and CuI (0.2 g, 1.06 mmol). To themixture was added isoamyl nitrite (2.8 mL, Aldrich) and the reactionmixture was heated at 60° C. with stirring for 3 h. The reaction mixturewas cooled to room temperature, filtered, and the filtrate was dilutedwith EcOAc (60 mL). The solution was washed with 25% NH₄OH (2×30 mL), 5%Na₂S₂O₃ (20 mL) and brine, dried over MgSO₄ and filtered. The filtratewas evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography, eluting with 30% EtOAc/hexane to give the title compoundas a brown solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 329 (M+1)

(c) 2-Chloro-4-iodo-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

4-Iodo-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one (328 mg, 1mmol) reacted with POCl₃ under the conditions of Example 1c to give thetitle compound as a off-white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 347 (M+1).

(d)(5-Chloro-6-{4-[7-iodo-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}pyridin-3-yl)methanol

The benzoimidazole from step (c) above (69 mg, 0.2 mmol) reacted with(5-chloro-6-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)methanol (68 mg, 0.3 mmol,Example 60c) under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a yellow amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 538 (M+1).

Example 62

(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-4-[7-iodo-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl}pyridin-3-yl)methanol(a) {5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]pyridin-3-yl}methanol

A mixture of 5,6-dichloro-3-pyridinemethanol (0.35 g, 2 mmol, TCI-US)and (R)-(−)-2-methylpiperazine (0.3 g. 3 mmol, Aldrich) reacted underthe conditions of Example 43a to give the title compound as alight-brown solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 242 (M+1).

(b)(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-4-[7-iodo-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl}pyridin-3-yl)methanol

The piperazine from step (a) above (73 mg, 0.3 mmol) reacted with2-chloro-4-iodo-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole (69 mg, 0.2 mmol,Example 61c) under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a yellow amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 552 (M+1).

Example 63

7-Iodo-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzoimidazole

5-(Trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-7-amine(215 mg, 0.5 mmol, Example 58) reacted under the conditions of Example61b to give the title compound as a light-yellow solid. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 542 (M+1).

Example 64

4-[(5-(Trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-7-yl)amino]butan-2-ol,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

To a mixture of5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-7-amine(86 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 58) and 3-hydroxy-butyraldehyde (26.4, 0.3mmol, Pfaltz&Bauer) in dichloromethane (2 mL) was added NaBH(OAc)₃ (127mg, 0.6 mmol) and one drop of acetic acid. The reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 12 h, diluted with dichloromethane (10mL), washed with satd aq. NaHCO₃ solution (10 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄,and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated and the residue was purifiedby silica gel column chromatography, eluting with 60% EtOAc/hexane togive the crude product. Additional purification by preparative HPLC(gradient 0.11% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) afforded the titlecompound as white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 503 (M+1).

Example 65

3-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-N-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-7-yl)propanamide

To a 25-mL, round-bottom flask was added5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-7-amine(108 mg, 0.25 mmol, Example 58), 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypropionic acid(47 mg, 0.4 mmol, Aldrich),1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (76 mg, 0.4mmol, Aldrich) and dichloromethane (5 mL). The reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 36 h, washed with satd aq. NaHCO₃solution (10 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The filtrate wasevaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography, eluting with 50% EtOAc/hexane to give the title compoundas a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 531 (M+1)

Example 66

3-Hydroxy-N-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-7-yl)butanamide,di-trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

5-(Trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-7-amine(43 mg, 0.1 mmol, Example 58) was reacted with 3-hydroxy-butyric acid(10 mg, 0.1 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 65, and thecrude product purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as awhite amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 517 (M+1).

Example 67

2-[(2R)-4-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

2-Chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(52 mg, 0.15 mmol, Example 51b) reacted with(3R)-1-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine (48 mg, 0.2 mmol,Example 43a) under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 570 (M+1).

Example 68

2-[(2S)-4-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(a) (3S)-1-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine

A mixture of 3-bromo-2-chloropyridine (0.76 g, 4 mmol, Aldrich) and(S)-(+)-2-methylpiperazine (0.6 g. 6 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under theconditions of Example 3c to give the title compound as a light-brownsolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 256 (M+1).

(b)2-[(2S)-4-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

The piperazine from step (a) above (51 mg, 0.2 mmol) reacted with2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(53 mg, 0.15 mmol, Example 51b) under the conditions of Example 3c togive the title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 570 (M+1).

Example 69

3,5-Difluoro-6-{4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}pyridin-2-amine(a) tert-Butyl4-(6-amino-3,5-difluoropyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate

A mixture of 4-(3,5,6-trifluoro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (1.59 g, 5 mmol, Example 39a), potassiumphthalimide (0.93 g, 5 mmol, Aldrich) in DMF (20 mL) was heated at 140°C. with stirring for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to roomtemperature, diluted with water (60 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×70mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered.The filtrate was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gelcolumn chromatography, eluting with 20% EtOAc in hexane to give thetitle compound as a yellow solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 315 (M+1).

(b) 3,5-Difluoro-6-piperazin-1-ylpyridin-2-amine

tert-Butyl 4-(6-amino-3,5-difluoropyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate(133 mg, 0.42 mmol) was reacted under the conditions of Example 39c togive the title compound as a yellow oil. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 215(M+1).

(c)3,5-Difluoro-6-{4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}pyridin-2-amine

The piperazine from step (a) above (74 mg, 0.35 mmol) reacted with2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(87 mg, 0.25 mmol, Example 51b) under the conditions of Example 3c togive the title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 529 (M+1).

Example 70

2,2-Dimethyl-N-[3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-7-yl)pyridin-2-yl]propanamide,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(495 mg, 1 mmol, Example 7) and2,2-dimethyl-N-[3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]propanamide(456 mg, 1.5 mmol, CBRD) reacted under the conditions of Example 54, andthe crude product was purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as awhite amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 592 (M+1).

Example 71

3-(5-(Trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-7-yl)pyridin-2-amine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of2,2-dimethyl-N-[3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-7-yl)pyridin-2-yl]propanamide,trifluoroacetic acid salt (118 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 70), 4 N HCl indioxane (4 mL) and H₂O (4 mL) was heated at 80° C. with stirringovernight. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated invacuo and the residue dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL). The solution waswashed with 2 N NaOH (2×20 mL) and satd NaCl (40 mL), dried over MgSO₄and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo and the residue waspurified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid inacetonitrile) to give the title compound as a white amorphous solid MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 508 (M+1).

Example 72

(5-Chloro-6-{4-[7-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}pyridin-3-yl)methanol(a)(6-{4-[7-Bromo-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-5-chloropyridin-3-yl)methanol

4-Bromo-2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (180 mg, 0.6 mmol,Example 6b) reacted with(5-chloro-6-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)methanol (228 mg, 1 mmol,Example 60a) under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 490 (M+1).

(b)(5-Chloro-6-{4-[7-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}pyridin-3-yl)methanol

(6-{4-[7-Bromo-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-5-chloropyridin-3-yl)methanolfrom step (a) above (98 mg, 0.2 mmol) and3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenylboronic acid (43 mg, 0.25 mmol, Aldrich) reactedunder the conditions of Example 51 to give the title compound as a whiteamorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 536 (M+1).

Example 73

2-[(3S)-4-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(a)2-[(3S)-3-Methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

2-Chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(350 mg, 1 mmol, Example 51b) reacted with (S)-(+)-2-methylpiperazine(150 mg. 1.5 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 3c to givethe title compound as a light-brown solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 415(M+1).

(b)2-[(3S)-4-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

The piperazine from step (a) above (41 mg, 0.1 mmol) reacted with3-bromo-2-chloropyridine (19 mg, 0.1 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditionsof Example 48b to give the title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 570 (M+1).

Example 74

2-[(2R)-4-(3-Chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(a) (3R)-1-(3-Chloropyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine

A mixture of 2,3-dichloropyridine (0.74 g, 5 mmol, Aldrich) and(R)-(−)-2-methylpiperazine (0.6 g. 6 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under theconditions of Example 43a to give the title compound as a off-whitesolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 212 (M+1).

(b)2-[(2R)-4-(3-Chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

The piperazine from step (a) above (84 mg. 0.4 mmol) reacted with2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(105 mg, 0.3 mmol, Example 51b) under the conditions of Example 3c togive the title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 526 (M+1).

Example 75

4-{6-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3H-benzoimidazol-4-yl}-benzylamine

The title compound was prepared from4-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(Example 7) and 4-aminomethylphenylboronic acid hydrochloride (Acros)under the conditions of Example 51a and isolated as a white amorphoussolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 521 (M+1).

Example 76

N-Isopropyl-N-[4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-7-yl)benzyl]amine

To a mixture of4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-7-yl)benzylamine(172 mg, 0.33 mmol, Example 75) and acetone (1 mL) in chloroform (5 mL)were added NaBH(OAc)₃ (211 mg, 1 mmol) and one drop of acetic acid. Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, diluted withdichloromethane (30 mL), washed with satd aq. NaHCO₃ solution (25 mL),dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated and theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with5% MeOH in dichloromethane to give the title compound as white amorphoussolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 563 (M+1), (ESI, neg. ion)

Example 77

7-Bromo-2-[(2R)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

4-Bromo-2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (1.2 g, 4 mmol,Example 6b) reacted with(3R)-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine (0.95 g, 4.5 mmol,Example 74a) under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a light-yellow solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 474 (M+1).

Example 78

2-[(2R)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-7-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

7-Bromo-2-[(2R)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(95 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 77) and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenylboronic acid(43 mg, 0.25 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 51ato give the title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 520 (M+1).

Example 79

7-Bromo-2-{(2R)-2-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(a) (3R)-3-Methyl-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine

A mixture of 2-chloro-3-trifluoromethylpyridine (1.45 g, 8 mmol,Aldrich) and (R)-(−)-2-methylpiperazine (1.0 g. 10 mmol, Aldrich) wasreacted under the conditions of Example 43a to give the title compoundas a off-white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 246 (M+1).

(b)7-Bromo-2-{(2R)-2-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

The piperazine from step (a) above (0.37 g, 1.5 mmol) reacted with4-bromo-2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.36 g, 1.2 mmol,Example 6b) under the conditions of Example 3c to give the titlecompound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 508 (M+1).

Example 80

2-{(2R)-2-Methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

7-Bromo-2-{(2R)-2-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(152 mg, 0.3 mmol, Example 79) and 3,4,5-trifluorophenylboronic acid (88mg, 0.5 mmol, Lancaster) reacted under the conditions of Example 51a togive the title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 560 (M+1).

Example 81

N,N-Dimethyl-4-[2-{(2R)-2-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-7-yl]aniline

7-Bromo-2-{(2R)-2-methyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(152 mg, 0.3 mmol, Example 79) and 4-dimethylaminophenylboronic acid (83mg, 0.5 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 51a togive the title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 549 (M+1).

Example 82

1-Benzyl-5-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

To a solution of5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)(2-pyridyl)]piperazinyl}benzoimidazole(415 mg, 1.0 mmol, Example 53) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL, Aldrich) wasadded sodium hydride (72 mg, 50% in mineral oil, 1.5 mmol, Aldrich) at0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h.After the mixture was cooled to 0° C., it was treated with benzylbromide (171 mg, 1.0 mmol, Aldrich) and stirred at room temperature for16 h. The reaction was then quenched with saturated aqueous solution ofNaHCO₃ (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organicextracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25%EtOAc/hexane) to give the title compound as white solid. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 506.2 (M+1).

Example 83

1-Benzyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The title compound was obtained as a second product of the reactiondescribed in Example 82 and isolated as a white solid. Yield 84.3 mg(16.7%).

M.p. 154.3-157.1° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 506.2 (M+1).

Example 84

5-Chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 5-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene-1,2-diamine

To a solution of 5-chloro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamine (2 g,8.3 mmol, Oakwood) in EtOAc (26 mL) and EtOH (13 mL) was added tin (II)chloride dihydrate (13.1 g, 45 mmol, Aldrich). The reaction mixture wasstirred at 70° C. for 1 h. The light-yellow reaction solution was pouredto crushed ice (50 mL) and carefully neutralized using saturated aqueoussolution of NaHCO₃. The resulting suspension was extracted with EtOAc(3×60 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filteredand the filtrate evaporatedcon in vacuo to give the title compound aswhite solid, which was used in the next step without additionalpurification. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 211.4 (M+1).

(b) 5-Chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-2-one

The benzene-1,2-diamine from step (a) above (1.68 g, 8.0 mmol) reactedunder the conditions of Example 1b to give the title compound as a whitesolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 237.6 (M+1).

(c) 2,5-Dichloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazol-2-one from step (b) above (1.43 g, 6.0 mmol) reactedwith POCl₃ under the conditions of Example 1c to give the title compoundas a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 254.9 (M+1).

(d)5-Chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazole from step (c) above (255 mg, 1.0 mmol) reacted with1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (231 mg, 1.0 mmol, Oakwood)under the conditions of Example 3c to give the title compound as a whitesolid. M.p. 206.4-208.1° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 450.4 (M+1).

Example 85

5-Chloro-2-[4-(3,5-dichloro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

2,5-Dichloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzoimidazole (255 mg, 1.0 mmol,Example 84c) reacted with 1-(3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)piperazine (232mg, 1.0 mmol, Example 9a) under the conditions of Example 3c to give thetitle compound as a white solid. M.p. 93.5-196.4° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 452.0, 454.1 (M+1).

Example 86

5-Chloro-2-[4-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

2,5-Dichloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzoimidazole (255 mg, 1.0 mmol,Example 84c) reacted with 1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazinehydrochloride (233 mg, 1.0 mmol, Example 3b) under the conditions ofExample 3c to give the title compound as a white solid. M.p.208.9-211.0° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 416.3, 420.1 (M+1).

Example 87

6-Chloro-5-methyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 5-Chloro-6-methyl-1,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-2-one

The 5-chloro-4-methylbenzene-1,2-diamine (10 g, 64 mmol, Aldrich)reacted under the conditions of Example 1b to give the title compound asa dark brown solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 183.0 (M+1).

(b) 2,6-Dichloro-5-methylbenzoimidazole

The benzimidazol-2-one from step (a) above (10.6 g, 58 mmol) reactedwith POCl₃ under the conditions of Example 1c to give the title compoundas a brown solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 201.3 (M+1).

(c)6-Chloro-5-methyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazole from step (b) above (201 mg, 1.0 mmol) reacted with1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (231 mg, 1.0 mmol, Oakwood)under the conditions of Example 3c to give the title compound as a whitesolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 396.1 (M+1).

Example 88

6-(3,4-Difluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

To a mixture of 3,4-difluorophenylboronic acid (111 mg, 0.7 mmol,Aldrich) and6-bromo-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(213 mg, 0.5 mmol, Example 23c) in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (2 mL)were added lithium chloride (63 mg, 1.5 mmol, Aldrich) and 2M aqueoussodium carbonate (0.75 mL, 1.5 mmol). Nitrogen gas was bubbled throughthe mixture for 10 min and tetrakis (triphenylphosphine)palladium (58mg, 0.05 mmol, Aldrich) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere for 16 h, cooled to room temperature,diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and filtered through Celite® pad. Thefiltrate was washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography (55% EtOAc/hexane) to give the title compound as a whitesolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 460.2 (M+1).

Example 89

5-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(a) N-[4-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetamide

A mixture of 4-bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamine (7.2 g, 30 mmol,Aldrich) and acetic anhydride (29 mL) was stirred at room temperaturefor 16 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo to give the titleproduct as a white solid which was used in the next step withoutadditional purification. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 484.0 (M+1).

(b) N-[4-Bromo-2-nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetamide

To a solution of the acetamide from step (a) above (8.46 g, 30 mmol) inconcentrated sulfuric acid (32.5 mL) was added dropwise concentratedHNO₃ (4.1 mL, 90%. J. T. Baker) with stirring at 0° C. The resultingsolution was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and poured into crushedice (80 mL). The mixture was carefully neutralized with solid NaHCO₃ andextracted with EtOAc (3×200 mL). The combined organic extracts werewashed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentratedin vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography(25% EtOAc/hexane) to give the title compound as a yellow solid. MS(ESI, neg. ion) m/z: 325.0 (M−1).

(c) 4-Bromo-2-nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamine

To a solution of the acetamide from step (b) above (4.5 g, 14 mmol) inMeOH (8 mL) was added aqueous 3N NaOH (50 mL) at room temperature. Thereaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 2 h, cooled to roomtemperature and extracted with EtOAc (4×50 mL). The combined organicextracts were washed with 1% aqueous HCl and brine, dried over MgSO₄,filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (15% EtOAc/hexane) to give the title compoundas a yellow solid. MS (ESI, neg. ion) m/z: 282.9 (M−1).

(d) 5-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene-1,2-diamine

The reaction of 4-bromo-2-nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamine from step(c) above (3.3 g, 10 mmol) under the conditions of Example 84a affordedthe title compound as a brown solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 257.0(M+1).

(e) 5-Bromo-6-methyl-1,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-2-one

5-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene-1,2-diamine from step (d) above (1.25g, 5 mmol) reacted under the conditions of Example 1b to give the titlecompound as a light-yellow solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 283.0 (M+1).

(f) 5-Bromo-2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzoimidazole

5-Bromo-6-methyl-1,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-2-one from step (e) above(1.36 g, 4.85 mmol) reacted with POCl₃ under the conditions of Example1c to give the title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z:300.8, 302.7 (M+1).

(g)5-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The benzoimidazole from step (f) above (1.2 g, 4.0 mmol) reacted with1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (1.4 g, 6.0 mmol, Oakwood)under the conditions of Example 3c to give the title compound as a whitesolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 496.0 (M+1).

Example 90

5-Bromo-2-[4-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The reaction of 5-bromo-2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzoimidazole (100mg, 0.3 mmol, Example 89f) with 1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazinehydrochloride (186 mg, 0.61 mmol, Example 3b) under the conditions ofExample 3c afforded the title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 461.7, 464.0 (M+1).

Example 91

5-(3,4-Difluoro-phenyl)-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

The reaction of5-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(250 mg, 0.5 mmol, Example 89 g) with 3,4-difluorophenylboronic acid (95mg, 0.60 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 88 afforded thetitle compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 528.0 (M+1).

Example 92

2-[4-(5-Chloro-pyrimidin-4-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

A solution of 1-(5-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)piperazine, trifluoroacetic acidsalt (0.62 g, 1.45 mmol, Example 33d),2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.32 g, 1.45 mmol, Example1c) and i-Pr₂NEt (0.76 mL, 4.35 mmol) in DMSO (10 mL) was heated to 80°C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature,diluted with EtOAc (50 mL), washed with satd. aq. NaHCO₃ (25 mL) andbrine (25 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo.The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50%EtOAc in hexane to EtOAc) to give the title compound as white solid.M.p. 66.6-66.7° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 383 (M+1). Anal. Calcd forC₁₆H₁₄ClF₃N₆.0.75H₂O: C, 48.43; H, 3.97; N, 20.84. Found: C, 48.30; H,3.86; N, 20.47.

Example 93

5-Bromo-2-[4-(5-chloro-pyrimidin-4-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

5-Chloro-4-piperazin-1-yl-pyrimidine; trifluoroacetic acid salt (0.32 g,0.75 mmol, Example 33d) and5-bromo-2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.226 g, 0.75mmol, Example 89f) reacted under the conditions of Example 3c to givethe title compound as a white solid. M.p. 229.7-233.2° C. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 461.0 (M+1).

Example 94

5-Chloro-6-[4-(6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-nicotinicAcid Methyl Ester (a)4-(5-Carboxy-3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic Acidtert-butyl Ester

5,6-Dichloro-nicotinic acid (5.0 g, 0.026 mol, Aldrich) reacted withpiperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (4.87 g, 0.026 mol,Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 3a to give the title compoundas yellow semi-solid, which was used in the next step without furtherpurification. MS (ESI, neg. ion) m/z: 340 (M−1).

(b) 4-(3-Chloro-5-methoxycarbonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

To a mixture of4-(5-carboxy-3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester from step (a) above (1.1 g, 3.22 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (0.67g, 4.83 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added dropwise MeI (0.3 mL, 4.83 mmol)with stirring at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 16 h, quenched with 20 mL of satd. aq. solution ofNaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The organic extract was washedwith brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated invacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (gradient 30%to 50% EtOAc in hexane) to give the title compound as white solid.

(c) 5-Chloro-6-piperazin-1-yl-nicotinic Acid Methyl Ester, HCl Salt

A mixture of4-(3-chloro-5-methoxycarbonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester from step (b) above and satd. solution of HCl in EtOAc(20 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solution wasconcentrated in vacuo and the residue was washed with 50% EtOAc inhexane, and dried in vacuo to give the title compound as a white solid.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 256 (M+1).

(d)5-Chloro-6-[4-(6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-nicotinicAcid Methyl Ester

A solution of 5-chloro-6-piperazin-1-yl-nicotinic acid methyl ester, HClsalt from step (c) above (0.13 g, 0.4 mmol),2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (88 mg, 0.4 mmol, Example1c) and i-Pr₂NEt (0.21 mL, 1.2 mmol) in dioxane (2 mL) was subjected tomicrowave irradiation at 190° C. for 45 min. The solution was cooled toroom temperature, diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed with saturatedaqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄,filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography (30% EtOAc in hexane) to give the titlecompound as a white solid. M.p. 152.8-159.3° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z:440 (M+1). Anal. Calcd for C₁₉H₁₇ClF₃N₅O₂: C, 51.89; H, 3.90; N, 15.92;Cl, 8.06. Found: C, 51.72; H, 3.86; N, 15.92, Cl, 8.16.

Example 95

5-Chloro-N-methyl-6-[4-(6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-nicotinamide(a)4-(3-Chloro-5-pentafluorophenyloxycarbonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

To a solution of4-(5-carboxy-3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester (0.6 g, 1.7 mmol, Example 94a) and2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenol (0.33 g, 1.76 mmol, Aldrich) in EtOAc (15mL) was added 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (0.351 g 1.7 mmol) at 0° C.The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature, dilutedwith EtOAc (50 mL) and filtered through a Celite® pad. The filtrate waswashed with satd. solution of NaHCO₃ (25 mL) and brine (25 mL), driedover Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated in vacuo to give the title compoundas a yellow wax. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 508 (M+1).

(b) 4-(3-Chloro-5-methylcarbamoyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

A mixture of4-(3-chloro-5-pentafluorophenyloxycarbonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester from step (a) above (0.9 g, 1.77 mmol) and 2MMeNH₂ in THF (9 mL, 18 mmol, Aldrich) was stirred at room temperaturefor 6 h. The solution was concentrated in vacuo and the residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (gradient 30% to 50% EtOAcin hexane) to give the title compound as colorless oil. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 355 (M+1).

(c) 5-Chloro-N-methyl-6-piperazin-1-yl-nicotinamide, HCl Salt

A mixture of4-(3-chloro-5-methylcarbamoyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester from step (b) above (0.31 g, 0.87 mmol) and satd.

HCl in EtOAc (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Thesolution was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was washed with 50%EtOAc in hexane, and dried in vacuo to give the title compound as whitesolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 256 (M+1).

(d)5-Chloro-N-methyl-6-[4-(6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-nicotinamide

5-Chloro-N-methyl-6-piperazin-1-yl-nicotinamide, HCl salt from step (c)above (0.12 g, 0.37 mmol) and2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (82 mg, 0.37 mmol, Example1c) reacted under the conditions of Example 94d to give the titlecompound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 439 (M+1).

Example 96

5-Chloro-6-[4-(6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-nicotinamide(a) 5,6-Dichloro-nicotinoyl Chloride

A mixture of 5,6-dichloro-nicotinic acid (7.0 g, 0.036 mol, Aldrich),(COCl)₂ (50 mL, Aldrich) and DMF (2 drops) was stirred at roomtemperature for 4 h. The solution was evaporated in vacuo to give thetitle compound as an orange solid.

(b) 5,6-Dichloro-nicotinamide

A solution of 5,6-dichloro-nicotinoyl chloride from step (a) above (1.73g, 8.22 mmol)) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) was added to a mixture of 28% aq. NH₄OH(20 mL), water (20 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL), and vigorously stirred atroom temperature for 2 h. The organic phase was separated, washed withbrine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo togive the title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 191(M+1).

(c) 4-(5-Carbamoyl-3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic Acidtert-butyl Ester

The nicotinamide from step (b) above (1.3 g, 6.8 mmol) andpiperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.27 g, 6.8 mmol,Aldrich) reacted under the conditions Example 3a to give the titlecompound as a light-yellow solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 341 (M+1).

(d) 5-Chloro-6-piperazin-1-yl-nicotinamide, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

The 4-(5-carbamoyl-3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester from step (c) above (0.8 g, 2.35 mmol) reacted underthe conditions of Example 4c to give the title compound as an orangeoil.

(e)5-Chloro-6-[4-(6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-nicotinamide

5-Chloro-6-piperazin-1-yl-nicotinamide, trifluoroacetic acid salt fromstep (d) above (0.3 g, 0.64 mmol) reacted with2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.141 g, 0.64 mmol,Example 1c) under the conditions of Example 94d to give the titlecompound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 424 (M+1).

Example 97

1-{5-Chloro-6-[4-(6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanone(a) 5,6-Dichloro-N-methoxy-N-methyl-nicotinamide

A solution of 5,6-dichloro-nicotinoyl chloride (3.24 g, 0.0154 mol,Example 96a) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was added dropwise to a mixture ofO,N-dimethyl-hydroxylamine, HCl salt (1.5 g, 15.4 mmol, Aldrich), 10%aq. K₂CO₃ (20 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) and vigorously stirred at roomtemperature for 3 h. The organic phase was separated, washed with brine(50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EtOAc) to givethe title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 257(M+Na⁺).

(b)4-[3-Chloro-5-(methoxy-methyl-carbamoyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

5,6-Dichloro-N-methoxy-N-methyl-nicotinamide from step (a) above (3.2 g,1.36 mmol) reacted with piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester(2.53 g, 1.36 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 3a to givethe title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 385 (M+1).

(c) 4-(5-Acetyl-3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic Acidtert-butyl Ester

To a solution of4-[3-chloro-5-(methoxy-methyl-carbamoyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester from step (b) above (1.0 g, 2.6 mmol) in anhydrousTHF (20 mL) was added MeMgBr (2.6 mL, 3M solution in Et₂O, 7.8 mmol,Aldrich) with stirring at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 4 h and poured into satd. aq. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL).After the addition of EtOAc (50 mL), the mixture was washed with brine(20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (70% EtOAc inhexane) to give the title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 340 (M+1).

(d) 1-(5-Chloro-6-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanone, Hydrochloride

A mixture of 4-(5-acetyl-3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester from step (c) above (0.65 g, 1.92 mmol) and satd.solution of HCl in EtOAc (50 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 4h. The solution was evaporated in vacuo to give the title compound as awhite solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 240 (M+1).

(e)1-{5-Chloro-6-[4-(6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanone

1-(5-Chloro-6-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanone, hydrochloride fromstep (d) above (0.6 g, 1.92 mmol) reacted with2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.423 g, 1.92 mmol,Example 1c) under the conditions of Example 94d to give the titlecompound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 424 (M+1).

Example 98

1-{5-Chloro-6-[4-(6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanol

To a solution of1-{5-chloro-6-[4-(6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanone(0.3 g, 0.71 mmol, Example 97e) in MeOH (20 mL) was added portionwiseNaBH₄ (0.037 g, 1.0 mmol, Aldrich) with stirring at 0° C. The reactionmixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, quenched with 20 mL of satd.aq. NaHCO₃, and diluted with EtOAc (50 mL). The organic phase wasseparated, washed with brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was recrystallized from 1:1EtOAc/hexane mixture to give the title compound as a white foam. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 426 (M+1).

Example 99

4-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-1-(6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperidin-4-ol

4-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-4-ol (0.25 g, 1.18 mmol, Aldrich) reactedwith 2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (0.26 g, 1.18 mmol,Example 1c) under the conditions of Example 94d to give the titlecompound as a white solid. M.p. 246.7-247.4° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z:424 (M+1).

Example 100

6-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)3-Nitro-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-ylamine

To a 250-mL, round-bottomed flask was added5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-ylamine (8.3 g, 51.2 mmol, MatrixScientific) and H₂SO₄ (49 mL). The resulting mixture was cooled to 0°C., and HNO₃ (8.2 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was heated to 80°C. for 48 h, cooled to room temperature and added dropwise into avigorously stirred ice-water (500 mL). After the addition, the mixturewas basified to pH 9 with ION NaOH and extracted with EtOAc (2×500 mL).The combined organic extracts were dried over MgSO₄ and filtered. Thesolvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gelcolumn chromatography, eluting with EtOAc/hexane (1:2) to give the titlecompound as a yellow solid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 208 (M+1).

(b) 5-Trifluoromethyl-pyridine-2,3-diamine

A mixture of 3-nitro-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-ylamine from step (a)above (1.2 g, 5.59 mmol), tin (TI) chloride dihydrate (3.9 g, 17.3 mmol,Aldrich), and DMF (19 mL) was heated to 60° C. for 4 h. The reactionmixture was cooled to room temperature and NaHCO₃ (150 mL) was added.The mixture was stirred for 0.5 h, diluted with EtOAc (300 mL), stirredfor 0.5 h and filtered. The organic layer was separated and the aqueouslayer was extracted with EtOAc (2×300 mL). The combined organic extractswere dried over MgSO₄ and filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuo togive the title compound, which was used in the next step withoutadditional purification. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 178 (M+1).

(c) 6-Trifluoromethyl-1,3-dihydro-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of 5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-2,3-diamine from step (b) aboveand N,N-carbonyldiimidazole (938 mg, 579 mmol, Aldrich) in THF (10 mL)was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with H₂O (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). Thecombined organic extracts were concentrated in vacuo and the residue waspurified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid inacetonitrile) to give the title compound. MS (ESI positive ion) m/z: 204(M+1).

(d) 2-Chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

A solution of 6-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dihydro-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-onefrom step (c) above (161 mg, 0.789 mmol) in POCl₃ (5 mL) was heated at95° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature,the solvent was removed in vacuo and the resulting oily residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with EtOAc/hexane(1:3) to give the title compound as a light-yellow solid. MS (ESIpositive ion) m/z: 222 (M+1).

(e)6-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

A mixture of 2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine fromstep (d) above (45 mg, 0.203 mmol),1-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine (47 mg, 0.203 mmol,Fluorochem), triethylamine (59 μL, 0.406 mmol, Aldrich) and copper(I)iodide (1 mg, 0.005 mmol, Aldrich) in 3-methyl-butan-1-ol (0.5 mL,Aldrich) was subjected to microwave irradiation at 220° C. for 0.5 h.The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and was filtered.The filtrate was purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as acolorless solid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 417 (M+1).

Example 101

1-(5-Trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-2-one(a)2-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

A mixture of 2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (1 g, 4.52mmol, Example 1c), triethylamine (1.3 mL, 9.04 mmol, Aldrich) and(2-chloromethoxy-ethyl)-trimethyl-silane (881 μL, 4.98 mmol, Aldrich) indichloromethane (30 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Water(150 mL) was added, and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane(2×150 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over MgSO₄ andfiltered. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purifiedby silica gel column chromatography, eluting with hexane/EtOAc (10:1) togive the title compound as an orange solid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z:351 (M+1).

(b) 4-(3-Trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-2-one

A mixture of piperazin-2-one (4.85 g, 48.47 mmol, Avocado Research),2-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridine (8.8 g, 48.47 mmol, TCI America) anddiisopropylethylamine (111 mL, 58.16 mmol, Aldrich) in DMSO (160 mL) washeated at 120° C. for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature,diluted with H₂O (500 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×500 mL). Thecombined organic extracts were dried over MgSO₄ and filtered. Thesolvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gelcolumn chromatography, eluting with dichloromethane/MeOH (15:1) to givethe title compound as a yellow solid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 206(M+1).

(c)4-(3-Trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1-[5-trifluoromethyl-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-2-one

A mixture of2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazolefrom step (a) above (716 mg, 2 mmol),4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-2-one from step (b) above(500 mg, 2 mmol), tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (0) chloroformadduct (207 mg, 0.2 mmol, —Strem Chemicals),4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (213 mg, 0.4 mmol,Aldrich) and cesium carbonate (978 mg, 3 mmol, Aldrich) in 1,4-dioxane(2 mL) was subjected to microwave irradiation at 160° C. for 1.5 h. Themixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered, and the filtrate waspurified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid inacetonitrile) to give the title compound as a brown oil. MS (ESI,positive ion) m/z: 560 (M+1).

(d)1-(5-Trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-2-one

A solution of4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1-[5-trifluoromethyl-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-2-onefrom step (c) above (114 mg, 0.2 mmol) in 30% TFA in dichloromethane (3mL) was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. The solvent was removed invacuo and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography,eluting with EtOAc/hexane (1:3) to give the title compound as a yellowsolid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 430 (M+1).

Example 102

2-[2-Methoxymethyl-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a) 3-Methoxymethyl-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid Benzyl Ester, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of iodomethane (356 μL, 5.71 mmol, Aldrich) and sodium hydride(137 mg, 5.71 mmol, Aldrich) in DMF (19 mL) was stirred at roomtemperature for 10 min. A solution of2-hydroxymethyl-piperazine-1,4-dicarboxylic acid 4-benzyl ester1-tert-butyl ester (2 g, 5.71 mmol, Monomerchem Inc.) in DMF (19 mL) wasadded dropwise, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5h. The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (300 mL) and extracted withEtOAc (2×400 mL). The combined organic extracts were concentrated invacuo and the residue was dissolved in 30% TFA in dichloromethane (40mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h and thesolvent was removed in vacuo. Methanol (10 mL) was added to the residueand the mixture was filtered. The filtrate was purified by preparativeHPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give thetitle compound as a colorless oil. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 265(M+1).

(b)3-Methoxymethyl-4-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid Benzyl Ester, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

2-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (703 mg, 3.18 mmol, Example1c) and 3-methoxymethyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester,trifluoroacetic acid salt from step (a) above (840 mg, 3.18 mmol)reacted under the conditions of Example 10e to give the title compoundas a yellow oil. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 449 (M+1).

(c)2-(2-Methoxymethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,Rifluoroacetic Acid Salt

To a solution of3-methoxymethyl-4-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester, trifluoroacetic acid salt from step (b) above (216mg, 0.482 mmol) in methanol (3.2 mL, Aldrich) was added palladium, 10 wt% on activated carbon (30 mg, Aldrich). The mixture was stirred underhydrogen for 16 h and filtered through a Celite® pad. The filtrate wasconcentrated in vacuo to give the title compound as a yellow oil, whichwas used in next step without purification. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z:315 (M+1).

(d)2-[2-Methoxymethyl-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazoleTrifluoroacetic Acid Salt

2-(2-Methoxymethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,trifluoroacetic acid salt from step (c) above and2-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridine (100 mg, 0.55 mmol, TCI America)reacted under the condition of Example 10e to give the title compound asa light-yellow oil. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 460 (M+1).

Example 103

6-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(1.99 g, 4 mmol, Example 7) reacted with 3,4,5-trifluorophenylboronicacid (1.1 g, 6 mmol, Lancaster) under the conditions of Example 51a togive the title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 546 (M+1).

6-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A solution of6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(42 mg, 0.08 mmol) in MeOH (4.5 mL) and anhydrous HCl (0.175 mL, 0.70mmol, 4M in dioxane, Aldrich) was stirred with 10% Pd/C (20 mg, Aldrich)under hydrogen at atmospheric pressure and at room temperature for 18 h.The palladium catalyst was removed by filtration over a Celite® pad. Thefiltrates were concentrated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved inMeOH (0.75 mL), and purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as awhite amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 550 (M+1).

Example 104

2,2-Dimethyl-N-(3-{4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazine-1-carbonyl}-pyridin-4-yl)-propionamide,Trifluoro Acetic Acid Salt (a)2-piperazin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

2-piperazine (429 mg, 4.99 mmol, Aldrich) and2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(582 mg, 1.66 mmol, Example 51b) reacted under the conditions of Example100e to give the title compound as a yellow solid. MS (ESI, positiveion) m/z: 401 (M+1).

(b)2,2-Dimethyl-N-(2-{4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazine-1-carbonyl}-pyridin-3-yl)-propionamide,Trifluoro Acetic Acid Salt

A mixture of2-piperazin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazolefrom step (a) above (50 mg, 0.13 mmol),3-(2,2-dimethyl-propionylamino)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (42 mg, 0.19mmol, Maybridge), PS-carbodiimide (146 mg, 0.187 mmol, ArgonautTechnologies Inc.) and HOAt (8.5 mg, 0.062 mmol, Perseptive Biosystems)in a 1:1 solution of DMF/dichloromethane (0.9 mL) was stirred at roomtemperature for 16 h. The mixture was filtered and the resin was washedwith a solution of MeOH/dichloromethane (1:1) (2×2 mL). The filtrate wasconcentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC(gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the titlecompound as a colorless solid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 605 (M+1).

Example 105

2-piperazin-1-yl-1-{4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-propan-1-one,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of2-piperazin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(100 mg, 0.25 mmol, Example 104a),2-(1-tert-butoxycarbonylpiperazin-4-yl)propionic acid hydrochloride (110mg, 0.38 mmol, Chess), PS-carbodiimide (292 mg, 0.38 mmol, ArgonautTechnologies Inc.), diisopropylethylamine (65 μL, 0.38 mmol, Aldrich)and HOAt (26 mg, 0.19 mmol, Perseptive Biosystems) in a solution of 1:1DMF/dichloromethane (1.8 mL) reacted under the condition of Example 104bto give a colorless solid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 641 (M+1). Thesolid was dissolved in 30% TFA in dichloromethane (1 mL) and thesolution was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h. The solvent wasremoved in vacuo and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC(gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the titlecompound as a colorless solid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 541 (M+1).

Example 106

(1-Methyl-piperidin-4-yl)-{4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-methanone,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

2-piperazin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(100 mg, 0.25 mmol, Example 104a) and 1-methyl-piperidine-4-carboxylicacid hydrochloride (67.5 mg, 0.38 mmol, Chess) reacted under thecondition of Example 104b to give the title compound as a colorlesssolid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 526 (M+1).

Example 107

Piperidin-4-yl-{4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-methanone,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

2-piperazin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(100 mg, 0.25 mmol, Example 104a) and piperidine-1,4-dicarboxylic acidmono-tert-butyl ester (86 mg, 0.38 mmol, Carbogen) reacted under thecondition of Example 104b to give the title compound as a colorlesssolid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 512 (M+1).

Example 108

2-(4-Pyridin-2-ylmethyl-piperazin-1-yl)-6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of2-piperazin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(160 mg, 0.4 mmol, Example 104a), 2-(chloromethyl)pyridine hydrochloride(66 mg, 0.4 mmol, Aldrich) and K₂CO₃ (61 mg, 0.44 mmol) in DMF (2.7 mL)was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The solvent was removed invacuo and MeOH (1 mL) was added to the residue. The mixture was filteredand the filtrate was purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as awhite solid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 492 (M+1).

Example 109

3-Trifluoromethyl-1′-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-1′,2′,3′,6′-tetrahydro-[2,4]bipyridinyl,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)4-Trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylic Acidtert-butyl Ester

To a 500-mL, round-bottomed flask was added THF (42 mL) anddiisopropylamine (4 mL, 27.6 mmol, Aldrich). The resulting mixture wascooled to −78° C. and n-butyllithium (1.6 M in hexane, 17 mL, Aldrich)was added dropwise over 20 min under nitrogen. After stirring at −78° C.for 45 min, a solution of N-Boc-4-piperidone (5 g, 25 mmol, Aldrich) inTHF (42 mL) was added dropwise over 25 min. After stirring for 20 min at−78° C., a solution of N-phenyltrifluoromethanesulfonimide (9.8 g, 27.6mmol, Aldrich) in THF (42 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at0° C. for 3.5 h. Then, a solution of THF/H₂O (1:1) (100 mL) was addeddropwise and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Thesolvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gelchromatography, eluting with hexane/EtOAc (7:1) to give the titlecompound as a yellow oil.

(b)4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

A mixture of4-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester from step (a) above (2 g, 6 mmol),bis(pinacolato)diboron (1.7 g, 6.6 mmol, Lancaster), potassium acetate(1.76 g, 18 mmol, Aldrich),[1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloro-palladium(II), complexwith dichloromethane (147 mg, 0.18 mmol, Aldrich) and1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (100 mg, 0.18 mmol, —Stremchemicals) in 1,4-dioxane (36 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 16 h. Themixture was cooled to room temperature and was filtered. The filtratewas concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gelchromatography, eluting with EtOAc/hexane (1:15) to give the titlecompound as a white solid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 310 (M+1).

(c) 3-Trifluoromethyl-1′,2′,3′,6′-tetrahydro-[2,4′]bipyridinyl,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of 2-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridine (400 mg, 1.3 mmol, TCIAmerica),4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester from step (b) above (234 mg, 1.3 mmol),dichloro-bis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (TI) (180 mg, 0.258 mmol,Strem Chemicals), Na₂CO₃ (544 mg, 5.18 mmol) in a 7:3:2 solution ofdimethoxyethane/H₂O/EtOH (8 mL) was subjected to microwave irradiationat 140° C. for 0.5 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature,filtered and washed with dichloromethane (2×100 mL). The filtrate wasconcentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography, eluting with EtOAc/hexane (1:3) to give a solidintermediate. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 329 (M+1). The solid wasdissolved in 30% TFA in dichloromethane (10 mL) and the mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 0.75 h. The solvent was removed in vacuoto give the title compound, which was used in the next step withoutadditional purification. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 229 (M+1).

(d)3-Trifluoromethyl-1′-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-1′,2′,3′,6′-tetrahydro-[2,4′]bipyridinyl,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

3-Trifluoromethyl-1′,2′,3′,6′-tetrahydro-[2,4′]bipyridinyl,trifluoroacetic acid salt from step (c) above and2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(400 mg, 1.14 mmol, Example 51b) reacted under the conditions of Example100e to give the title compound as a yellow solid. MS (ESI, positiveion) m/z: 543 (M+1).

Example 110

3-Trifluoromethyl-1′-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-1′,2′,3′,4′,5′,6′-hexahydro-[2,4′]bipyridinyl

A mixture of3-trifluoromethyl-1′-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-1′,2′,3′,6′-tetrahydro-[2,4′]bipyridinyl,trifluoroacetic acid salt (192 mg, 0.354 mmol, Example 109d) andpalladium, 10 wt % on activated carbon (20 mg, Aldrich) in methanol (2mL) was stirred at room temperature under hydrogen for 32 h. The mixturewas filtered through Celite®, the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo andthe residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, elutingwith EtOAc/hexane (1:1) to give the title compound as a white solid. MS(ESI, positive ion) m/z: 545 (M+1).

Example 111

2-[(2R)-2-Butyl-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a) MethylN-{[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl}-D-norleucylglycinate

A mixture of fmoc-D-Nle-OH (10 g, 28.3 mmol, Novabiochem) andPS-carbodiimide (33 g, 42.45 mmol, 1.28 mmol/g, Argonaut TechnologiesInc.) in dichloromethane (250 mL) was stirred at room temperature for0.5 h. Then, glycine methyl ester hydrochloride (5.3 g, 42.45 mmol,Aldrich), HOAt (3.8 g, 28.3 mmol, Perseptive Biosystems) anddiisopropylethylamine (16 mL, 84.9 mmol, Aldrich) were added and themixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture wasfiltered and the resin was washed with dichloromethane (2×70 mL). Thefiltrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified bycolumn chromatography, eluting with EtOAc/hexane (1:2) to give the titlecompound as a yellow solid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 425 (M+1).

(b) (3R)-3-Butyl-2,5-piperazinedione

A solution of methylN-{[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl}-D-norleucylglycinate from step(a) above (2 g, 4.7 mmol) in a 7:3 mixture of dichloromethane/piperidine(30 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 0.75 h. The reaction mixturewas diluted with dichloromethane (200 mL) and solid which precipitatedwas filtered, washed with cold DCM (2×50 mL) and dried in vacuo to givethe title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 171(M+1).

(c) (2R)-2-Butylpiperazine

To a cooled to −78° C. solution of (3R)-3-butyl-2,5-piperazinedione fromstep (b) above (600 mg, 2.52 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added dropwiselithium aluminum hydride (21 mL, 21.1 mmol, 1M in THF, Aldrich). Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, and then heated atreflux for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and quenched withsodium sulfate decahydrate until the gas evolution ceased. The mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 3 h, filtered and the filter cakewas washed with THF (2×10 mL). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo togive the title compound as a yellow solid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z:143 (M+1).

(d) (3R)-3-Butyl-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl)piperazine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of (2R)-2-butylpiperazine from step (c) above (381 mg, 2.68mmol), 2-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridine (486 mg, 2.68 mmol, TCIAmerica) triethylamine (425 μL, 2.9 mmol, Aldrich) in3-methyl-butan-1-ol (5 mL) was subjected to microwave irradiation at180° C. for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature andfiltered. The filtrate was purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as ayellow oil. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 288 (M+1).

(e)2-[(2R)-2-Butyl-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

(3R)-3-Butyl-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl)piperazine,trifluoroacetic acid salt from step (d) above (220 mg, 0.76 mmol) and2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(100 mg, 0.285 mmol, Example 51b) reacted under the conditions ofExample 100e to give the title compound as a light-yellow oil. MS (ESI,positive ion) m/z: 602 (M+1).

Example 112

N,N-Dimethyl-N′-(5-trifluoromethyl-6-{4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-ethane-1,2-diamine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)1-(5-Bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine

To a solution of 1-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine (8 g,34.6 mmol, Oakwood) in dichloromethane (230 mL) was added dropwisebromine (3.92 mL, 76.12 mmol, Aldrich) with stirring at roomtemperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for16 h and the precipitate was filtered, washed with EtOAc (2×100 mL) anddried in vacuo to give the title compound as a yellow solid, which wasused in the next step without additional purification. MS (ESI, positiveion) m/z: 310 (M+1).

(b) 4-(5-Bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

A solution of bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) dicarbonate (8.2 g, 38.06 mmol,Aldrich) in dichloromethane (100 mL) was added dropwise to a mixture of1-(5-bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine from step (a)above and diisopropylethylamine (9.6 mL, 51.9 mmol, Aldrich) indichloromethane (130 mL) with stirring at 0° C. The reaction mixture wasstirred at 0° C. for 3 h, the solvent was removed in vacuo and theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (gradient EtOAcin dichloromethane) to give the title compound as a light-yellow solid.MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 410 (M+1).

(c)4-[5-(2-Dimethylamino-ethylamino)-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl]-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

A mixture of4-(5-bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester from step (b) above (174 mg, 0.42 mmol),N-(2-aminoethyl)-N,N-dimethylamine (56 μL, 0.51 mmol, Aldrich), tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (0) chloroform adduct (22 mg, 0.021mmol, Strem Chemicals), biphenyl-2-yl-di-tert-butyl-phosphane (13 mg,0.042 mmol, Strem Chemicals), sodium t-butoxide (65 mg, 0.63 mmol,Aldrich) in toluene (2 mL) was subjected to microwave irradiation at150° C. for 0.5 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and wasfiltered. The filtrate was purified by silica gel column chromatography,eluting with 5%-100% (2M NH₃ in MeOH) in dichloromethane, to give thetitle product as a brown solid. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 418 (M+1).

(d)N,N-Dimethyl-N′-(6-piperazin-1-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-ethane-1,2-diamine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A solution of4-[5-(2-dimethylamino-ethylamino)-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl]-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester from step (c) above in 30% TFA in dichloromethane(10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h. The solvent wasremoved in vacuo to give the title compound, which was used in the nextstep without additional purification. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 318(M+1).

(e)N,N-Dimethyl-N′-(5-trifluoromethyl-6-{4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-ethane-1,2-diamine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

N,N-Dimethyl-N′-(6-piperazin-1-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-ethane-1,2-diaminetrifluoro acetic acid from step (d) above and2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(46 mg, 0.131 mmol, Example 51b) reacted under the condition of Example100e to give the title compound as a light-yellow oil. MS (ESI, positiveion) m/z: 632 (M+1).

Example 113

N-(5-Trifluoromethyl-6-{4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-acetamide,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)4-(5-Bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic AcidBenzyl Ester

Benzyl chloroformate (806 μL, 5.7 mmol, Aldrich) was added dropwise to amixture of 1-(5-bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine (1.6 g,5.2 mmol, Example 112a) and diisopropylethylamine (1.1 mL, 6.24 mmol,Aldrich) in dichloromethane (35 mL) with stirring at 0° C. The mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The solvent was removed invacuo and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography(2%-100% EtOAc/hexane) to give the title compound as an orange oil. MS(ESI, positive ion) m/z: 444 (M+1).

(b)4-(5-Acetylamino-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid Benzyl Ester

A mixture of4-(5-bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acidbenzyl ester from step (a) above (300 mg, 0.677 mmol), acetamide (60 mg,1 mmol, Aldrich), tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (0) chloroformadduct (70 mg, 0.068 mmol, —Strem Chemicals), 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (78 mg, 0.135 mmol, Aldrich)and cesium carbonate (331 mg, 1.01 mmol, Aldrich) in 1,4-dioxane (4 mL)was subjected to microwave irradiation at 170° C. for 0.5 h. The mixturewas cooled to room temperature and was filtered. The filtrate waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (2%-100% EtOAc/hexane) togive the title compound as a light-brown solid. MS (ESI, positive ion)m/z: 423 (M+1).

(c) N-(6-piperazin-1-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-acetamide

4-(5-Acetylamino-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester from step (b) above reacted under the conditions ofExample 110 to give the title compound. MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 289(M+1).

(d)N-(5-Trifluoromethyl-6-{4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-acetamide,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

N-(6-piperazin-1-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-acetamide from step(c) above and2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(134 mg, 0.382 mmol, Example 51b) reacted under the conditions ofExample 100e to give the title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI,positive ion) m/z: 603 (M+1).

Example 114

5-Fluoro-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a) 5-Fluoro-1,3-dihydro-benimidazol-2-one

3,4-Diamino-1-fluorobenzene (1.205 g, 9.6 mmol, Lancaster) and1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (1.549 g, 9.6 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under theconditions of Example 1b to give the title compound as an amorphoussolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 153 (M+1).

(b) 2-Chloro-5-fluoro-1H-benzimidazole

The dihydrobenzimidazol-2-one from step (a) above (572 mg, 3.8 mmol) andPOCl₃ (6 mL) reacted under the conditions of Example 1c to give thetitle compound as an amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 171 (M+1).

(c)5-Fluoro-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of the chlorobenzimidazole from step (b) above (170 mg, 1.0mmol), 1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (347 mg, 1.5 mmol)and sodium bicarbonate (250 mg, 2.9 mmol) in isoamyl alcohol (2 mL) washeated at 150° C. in a microwave synthesizer for 10 min. The reactionmixture was the cooled to room temperature, diluted with MeOH (3 mL),filtered and the filtrate was purified by preparative HPLC (gradient0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound asan amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 366 (M+1).

Example 115

2-[4-(3-Trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonitrile,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)2-Oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonitrile

3,4-Diaminobenzonitrile (3.171 g, 23.8 mmol, Oakwood) was reacted with1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (3.862 g, 23.8 mmol, Aldrich) under theconditions of Example 1b to give the title compound as an amorphoussolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 160 (M+1).

(b) 2-Chloro-1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonitrile

A solution of the dihydrobenzimidazol-2-one from step (a) above (854 mg,5.4 mmol) was reacted under the conditions of Example 1c to give thetitle compound as an amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 178 (M+1).

(c)2-[4-(3-Trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonitrile,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of the chlorobenzimidazole from step (b) above (310 mg, 1.7mmol), 1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (405 mg, 1.8 mmol)and sodium bicarbonate (370 mg, 4.4 mmol) in isoamyl alcohol (2.5 mL)was reacted under the conditions of Example 114c to give the titlecompound as an amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 373 (M+1).

Example 116

2-[4-(3-Trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole-5-carboxylicAcid Methyl Ester, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)2-Oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazole-5-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester

Methyl-3,4-diaminobenzoate (1.251 g, 7.5 mmol, Lancaster) was reactedwith 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (2.128 g, 13.1 mmol, Aldrich) under theconditions of Example 1b to give the title compound as an amorphoussolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 193 (M+1).

(b) 2-Chloro-1H-benzoimidazole-5-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester

A solution of the dihydrobenzimidazol-2-one from step (a) above (263 mg,1.4 mmol) was reacted under the conditions of Example 1c to give thetitle compound as an amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 211 (M+1).

(c)2-[4-(3-Trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole-5-carboxylicAcid Methyl Ester, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of the chlorobenzimidazole from step (b) above (218 mg, 1.04mmol), 1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (360 mg, 1.6 mmol,Fluorochem) and sodium bicarbonate (135 mg, 1.6 mmol) in isoamyl alcohol(2.2 mL) was reacted under the conditions of Example 114c to give thetitle compound as an amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 406 (M+1).

Example 117

5-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)N²-(4-Methoxy-benzyl)-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-2,3-diamine

A mixture of the 3-amino-2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (416 mg,2.1 mmol, Matrix), 4-methoxy-benzylamine (294 mg, 2.1 mmol, Aldrich) andsodium bicarbonate (265 mg, 3.2 mmol) in isoamyl alcohol (0.6 mL) washeated at 220° C. in a microwave synthesizer for 30 min. The reactionmixture was then cooled to room temperature, diluted with MeOH (5 mL),filtered and the filtrate was evaporated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid inacetonitrile) to give the title compound as a yellow oil. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 298 (M+1)

(b) 6-Trifluoromethyl-pyridine-2,3-diamine

A solution ofN²-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-2,3-diamine from step(a) above (220 mg, 0.7 mmol) in 1:1 TFA/DCM (4 mL) was stirred at roomtemperature for 90 min. The reaction mixture was concentrated to yield agummy residue, which was dissolved in MeOH (2 mL) and purified bypreparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) togive the title compound as an amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z:178 (M+1)

(c) 5-Trifluoromethyl-1,3-dihydro-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one

A mixture of the pyridine-2,3-diamine (160 mg, 0.9 mmol) from step (b)above and N,N′-disuccinimidyl carbonate (250 mg, 0.9 mmol, Aldrich) inMeCN (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 13 h. Another batch ofN,N′-disuccinimidyl carbonate (125 mg, 0.5 mmol, Aldrich) was added andthe reaction mixture was heated at 75° C. for 90 min. The reactionmixture was cooled to room temperature and dichloromethane (20 mL) wasadded. The precipitate was filtered and dried under vacuo to give thetitle compound, which was used in the next step without additionalpurification. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 204 (M+1).

(d) 2-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

The product from above step (c) above reacted with POCl₃ (1.5 mL) underthe conditions of Example 1c to give the title compound as an amorphoussolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 222 (M+1).

(e)5-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of the chlorobenzimidazole from step (d) above (165 mg, 0.7mmol), 1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (260 mg, 1.1 mmol,Fluorochem) and sodium bicarbonate (160 mg, 1.9 mmol) in isoamyl alcohol(2.3 mL) reacted under the conditions of Example 114c to give the titlecompound as an amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 417 (M+1).

Example 118

5-Trifluoromethyl-6-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of6-bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(120 mg, 0.24 mmol, Example 89 g), 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid(60 mg, 0.32 mmol, Aldrich), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)(28 mg, 0.02 mmol, Aldrich), sodium carbonate (0.25 mL, 2 M solution inwater) in dioxane (1.75 mL) was heated to 170° C. in a microwavesynthesizer for 20 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to roomtemperature, diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), filtered through a VarianChem-Elut® (3 mL) diatomaceous earth cartridge and the filtrate wasevaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC(gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the titlecompound as an amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 560 (M+1)

Example 119

5-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-6-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of6-bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(150 mg, 0.3 mmol, Example 89 g), 3,4,5-trifluorophenylboronic acid (65mg, 0.37 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 118 togive the title compound as an amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z:546 (M+1).

Example 120

{6-[4-(6-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of the 6-bromo-2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(396 mg, 1.32 mmol, Example 89f),(5-chloro-6-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol (288 mg, 1.3 mmol,Example 60a) and sodium bicarbonate (249 mg, 2.96 mmol) in isoamylalcohol (2.25 mL) was heated at 190° C. in a microwave synthesizer for33 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, dilutedwith MeOH (4 mL) and filtered. The filtrate was purified by preparativeHPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give thetitle compound as an amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 490 (M+1).

Example 121

5-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole-6-carbonitrile,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of6-bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(123 mg, 0.25 mmol, Example 89 g) and cuprous cyanide (205 mg, 2.29mmol), Aldrich) in N-methylpyrrolidinone (2 mL) was heated at 220° C. ina microwave synthesizer for 10 min. The reaction mixture was allowed tocool to room temperature, diluted with MeOH (5 mL) and filtered. Thefiltrate was purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroaceticacid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as an amorphous solid.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 441 (M+1)

Example 122

4-{5-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazol-6-yl}-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

6-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(136 mg, 0.28 mmol, Example 89 g) and4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (99 mg, 0.32 mmol, Chemshop) reacted under theconditions of Example 118 to give the title compound as an amorphoussolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 597 (M+1).

Example 123

5-Trifluoromethyl-6-(4-trifluoromethyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

6-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(91 mg, 0.18 mmol, Example 89 g) and4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane(73 mg, 0.26 mmol, Chemshop) reacted under the conditions of Example 118to give the title compound as an amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 564 (M+1)

Example 124

1-{4-[5-Trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-isoquinoline,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of the2-piperazin-1-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(79 mg, 0.20 mmol, Example 104a), 1-chloroisoquinoline (67 mg, 0.41mmol, Lancaster) and sodium bicarbonate (25 mg, 0.30 mmol) in isoamylalcohol (1.0 mL) was heated at 185° C. in a microwave synthesizer for 26min. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted withMeOH (2 mL), filtered and the filtrate was purified by preparative HPLC(gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the titlecompound as an amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 528 (M+1).

Example 125

{6-[4-(6-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of 6-bromo-2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (99mg, 0.33 mmol, Example 89f),{5-chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl}methanol (76 mg,0.31 mmol, Example 62a) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (67 mg, 0.52 mmol)in EtOH (0.8 mL) was heated at 180° C. in a microwave synthesizer for 30min. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted withMeOH (2 mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as anamorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 504 (M+1)

Example 126

6-[4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-quinoline,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a) 4-Quinolin-6-yl-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

A mixture of the 6-bromoquinoline (328 mg, 1.6 mmol, TCI America),1-BOC-piperazine (340 mg, 1.8 mmol, Aldrich),tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (75 mg, 0.1 mmol, —Strem),rac-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (91 mg, 0.15 mmol,—Strem) and sodium-tert-butoxide (252 mg, 2.7 mmol, Aldrich) in toluene(4 mL) was heated at 150° C. in a microwave synthesizer for 13 min. Thereaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc (5mL) and filtered through a Celite® pad. The filtrate was concentrated invacuo and the residue was dissolved in MeOH (4 mL) and purified bypreparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) togive the title compound as pale-yellow oil. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 314(M+1).

(b) 6-piperazin-1-yl-quinoline, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

The product from the above step (a) above was treated with 1:1 TFA/DCM(15 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixturewas concentrated to yield a gummy residue, which was dissolved in MeOH(4 mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroaceticacid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as an amorphous solid.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 214 (M+1).

(c)6-[4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-quinoline,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of the 6-piperazin-1-yl-quinoline, trifluoroacetic acid saltfrom step (b) above (125 mg, 0.59 mmol),7-bromo-2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (225 mg, 0.75 mmol,Example 6b) and sodium bicarbonate (225 mg, 2.68 mmol) in isoamylalcohol (2.5 mL) was heated at 180° C. in a microwave synthesizer for 30min. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted withMeOH (2 mL) and filtered. The filtrate was purified by preparative HPLC(gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the titlecompound as an amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 476 (M+1).

Example 127

[2-(3-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-{6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3H-benzoimidazol-5-yl}-amine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)5-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

To a solution of6-bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(203 mg, 0.41 mmol, Example 89 g) in dichloromethane (6 mL) was addedN,N-diisopropylethylamine (148 mg, 1.15 mmol) followed by2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl chloride (94 mg, 0.57 mmol, Aldrich). Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The solventwas removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography, eluting with EtOAc/hexane (1:3) to afford the titlecompound as an amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 624 (M+1).

(b)[2-(3-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-[6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-5-yl]-amine

A mixture of the product from step (a) above (88 mg, 0.14 mmol),2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethylamine (45 mg, 0.24 mmol, Trans WorldChemicals), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (8 mg, 0.01 mmol,—Strem), 2-(di-t-butylphosphino)biphenyl (8 mg, 0.03 mmol, —Strem) andsodium-tert-butoxide (31 mg, 0.33 mmol, Aldrich) in toluene (2 mL) washeated at 150° C. in a microwave synthesizer for 14 min. The reactionmixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc (5 mL) andfiltered through a Celite® pad. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuoand the residue dissolved in MeOH (4 mL), and purified by preparativeHPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give thetitle compound as pale-yellow oil. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 733 (M+1).

(c)[2-(3-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-{6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3H-benzoimidazol-5-yl}-amine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

The product from the above step (b) above was treated with 1:1TFA/dichloromethane (3 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Thereaction mixture was concentrated to yield a gummy residue, which wasdissolved in MeOH (4 mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as ayellow amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 603 (M+1).

Example 128

(4-Trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-{6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3H-benzoimidazol-5-yl}-amine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)(4-Trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-[6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-5-yl]-amine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

5-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(88 mg, 0.14 mmol, Example 127a) and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzylamine (37mg, 0.21 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 127b togive the title compound as pale-yellow oil. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 719(M+1).

(b)(4-Trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-{6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3H-benzoimidazol-5-yl}-amine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

The product from step (a) above was treated with TFA/DCM (1:1) (3 mL)and stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated to yield a gummy residue, which was dissolved in MeOH (4mL) purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid inacetonitrile) to give the title compound as a yellow amorphous solid. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 589 (M+1).

Example 129

4-[4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-quinoline,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a) 4-Quinolin-4-yl-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A solution of 4-hydroxyquinoline (300 mg, 2.07 mmol, Aldrich) in DMF (3mL) was treated with sodium hydride (69 mg, 2.88 mmol, Aldrich) and theresulting slurry was stirred at 45° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixturewas cooled to room temperature, N-phenyltrifluoromethanesulfonimide (885mg, 2.48 mmol, Aldrich) was added and the mixture was stirred for 48 h.1-BOC-piperazine (775 mg, 4.16 mmol, Aldrich) was added to the mixtureand the stirring was continued for another 24 h. The solvent was removedin vacuo and the residue was dissolved in MeOH (4 mL) and purified bypreparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) togive the title compound as pale-yellow oil, which was used for the nextstep. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 314 (M+1).

(b) 4-piperazin-1-yl-quinoline, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

The product from the above step (a) was treated with 1:1 TFA/DCM (10 mL)and stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated to yield a gummy residue, which was dissolved in MeOH (4mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acidin acetonitrile) to give the title compound as an amorphous solid. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 214 (M+1).

(c)4-[4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-quinoline,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of the 4-piperazin-1-yl-quinoline from step (b) above (110 mg,0.52 mmol), 7-bromo-2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (178mg, 0.59 mmol, Example 89f) and sodium bicarbonate (172 mg, 2.05 mmol)in isoamyl alcohol (2 mL) was heated at 180° C. in a microwavesynthesizer for 30 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to roomtemperature, diluted with MeOH (3.5 mL), filtered and the filtrate waspurified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid inacetonitrile) to give the title compound as yellow oil. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 476 (M+1).

Example 130

(2-Piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-{6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3H-benzoimidazol-5-yl}-amine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)(2-Piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-[6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-5-yl]-amine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

5-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(99 mg, 0.16 mmol, Example 127a) reacted with 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperidine(36 mg, 0.28 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 127b to givethe title compound as pale-yellow oil, which was used for the next step.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 672 (M+1).

(b)(2-Piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-{6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3H-benzoimidazol-5-yl}-amine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

The product from step (a) above was treated with 1:1 TFA/dichloromethane(3 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixturewas concentrated to yield a gummy residue, which was dissolved in MeOH(4 mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroaceticacid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as yellow oil. MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/z: 542 (M+1).

Example 131

(2-Morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-{6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3H-benzoimidazol-5-yl}-amine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)(2-Morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-[6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-5-yl]-amine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

5-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(99 mg, 0.15 mmol, Example 127a) and 4-(2-aminoethyl) morpholine (60 mg,0.46 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 127b to givethe title compound as pale-yellow oil, which was used for the next step.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 674 (M+1).

(b)(2-Morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-{6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3H-benzoimidazol-5-yl}-amine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

The product from step (a) above was treated with TFA/DCM (1:1) (3 mL)and stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated to yield a gummy residue, which was dissolved in MeOH (4mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acidin acetonitrile) to give the title compound as yellow oil. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 544 (M+1).

Example 132

7-[4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-quinoline,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a) Trifluoromethanesulfonic acidquinolin-7-yl ester, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A solution of 7-hydroxyquinoline (324 mg, 2.23 mmol, Acros) in DMF (5mL) was treated with sodium hydride (75 mg, 3.13 mmol, Aldrich) and theresulting slurry was stirred at 45° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixturewas cooled to room temperature, N-phenyltrifluoromethanesulfonimide (955mg, 2.67 mmol, Aldrich) was added, and the stirring was continued for 20h. The reaction mixture quenched with MeOH (5 mL) and the solvent wasremoved in vacuo. The resulting gummy residue was dissolved in MeOH (3mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acidin acetonitrile) to give the title compound as yellow amorphous solid.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 278 (M+1).

(b) 4-Quinolin-7-yl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl Ester,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of the product from step (a) above (155 mg, 0.56 mmol),1-BOC-piperazine (176 mg, 0.95 mmol, Aldrich),tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (34 mg, 0.04 mmol, Strem),2-(di-t-butylphosphino)biphenyl (31 mg, 0.1 mmol, —Strem) andsodium-tert-butoxide (77 mg, 0.8 mmol, Aldrich) in toluene (2 mL) washeated at 150° C. in a microwave synthesizer for 14 min. The reactionmixture was then cooled to room temperature, diluted withdichloromethane (5 mL) and filtered through a Celite®pad. The filtratewas concentrated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in MeOH (4 mL),and purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid inacetonitrile) to give the title compound as yellow amorphous solid,which was used for the next step. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 314 (M+1).

(c) 7-piperazin-1-yl-quinoline, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

The product from step (b) above was treated with 1:1 TFA/dichloromethane(5 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixturewas concentrated to yield a gummy residue, which was dissolved in MeOH(4 mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroaceticacid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as an amorphous solid.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 214 (M+1).

(d)7-[4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-quinoline,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of the 7-piperazin-1-yl-quinoline from step (c) above (75 mg,0.35 mmol), 7-bromo-2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (130mg, 0.43 mmol, Example 6b) and sodium bicarbonate (141 mg, 1.7 mmol) inisoamyl alcohol (2 mL) was heated at 180° C. in a microwave synthesizerfor 30 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, dilutedwith MeOH (3.5 mL), filtered and the filtrate was purified bypreparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) togive the title compound as yellow oil. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 476(M+1).

Example 133

7-[4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-isoquinoline,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a) Trifluoro-methanesulfonic acidisoquinolin-7-yl Ester

7-Hydroxyisoquinoline (331 mg, 2.28 mmol, Lancaster) was treated withsodium hydride (75 mg, 3.13 mmol, Aldrich) andN-phenyltrifluoromethanesulfonimide (960 mg, 2.69 mmol, Aldrich) underthe conditions of Example 132a to give the title compound as anamorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 278 (M+1).

(b) 4-Isoquinolin-7-yl-piperazine-1-carboxylic Acid tert-butyl Ester

The product from step (a) above (300 mg, 1.1 mmol) and 1-BOC-piperazine(307 mg, 1.6 mmol, Aldrich) was reacted under the conditions of Example132b to give the title compound as yellow amorphous solid, which wasused for the next step. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 314 (M+1).

(c) 7-piperazin-1-yl-isoquinoline, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

The product from step (b) above was treated with 1:1 TFA/dichloromethane(5 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixturewas concentrated to yield a gummy residue, which was dissolved in MeOH(4 mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroaceticacid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as an amorphous solid.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 214 (M+1).

(d)7-[4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-isoquinoline,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of the 7-piperazin-1-yl-isoquinoline from step (c) above (45mg, 0.21 mmol) and 7-bromo-2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(87 mg, 0.29 mmol, Example 6b) was reacted under the conditions ofExample 132d to give the title compound as yellow oil. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 476 (M+1).

Example 134

(2-piperazin-1-yl-ethyl)-{6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3H-benzoimidazol-5-yl}-amine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)4-{2-[6-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-5-ylamino]-ethyl}-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

5-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(105 mg, 0.17 mmol, Example 127a) and4-N-(2-aminoethyl)-1-N—BOC-piperazine (70 mg, 0.31 mmol, Aldrich)reacted under the conditions of Example 127b to give the title compoundas pale-yellow oil, which was used for the next step. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 773 (M+1).

(b)(2-piperazin-1-yl-ethyl)-{6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3H-benzoimidazol-5-yl}-amine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

The product from step (a) above was treated with TFA/DCM (1:1) (3 mL)and stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated to yield a gummy residue, which was dissolved in MeOH (4mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acidin acetonitrile) to give the title compound as an amorphous solid. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 543 (M+1).

Example 135

5-[4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-isoquinoline,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a) Trifluoromethanesulfonic acidisoquinolin-5-yl Ester

5-Hydroxyisoquinoline (278 mg, 1.92 mmol, Aldrich) was treated withsodium hydride (60 mg, 2.5 mmol, Aldrich) andN-phenyltrifluoromethanesulfonimide (765 mg, 2.14 mmol, Aldrich) underthe conditions of Example 132a to give the title compound as anamorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 278 (M+1).

(b) 4-Isoquinolin-5-yl-piperazine-1-carboxylic Acid tert-butyl Ester

The product from step (a) above (209 mg, 0.75 mmol) and 1-BOC-piperazine(210 mg, 1.1 mmol, Aldrich) was reacted under the conditions of Example132b to give the title compound as yellow amorphous solid, which wasused for the next step. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 314 (M+1)

(c) 5-piperazin-1-yl-isoquinoline, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

The product from step (b) above was treated with 1:1 TFA/dichloromethane(5 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixturewas concentrated to yield a gummy residue, which was dissolved in MeOH(2 mL) and purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroaceticacid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as an amorphous solid.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 214 (M+1).

(d)5-[4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-isoquinoline,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of the 5-piperazin-1-yl-isoquinoline from step (c) above (23mg, 0.1 mmol) and 7-bromo-2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(36 mg, 0.12 mmol, Example 6b) was reacted under the conditions ofExample 132d to give the title compound as yellow amorphous solid. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 476 (M+1).

Example 136

6-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole-4-carbonitrile

A mixture of4-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(100 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 7) and cuprous cyanide (48 mg, 0.5 mmol),Aldrich) in N-methylpyrrolidinone (2 mL) was heated at 200° C. in amicrowave synthesizer for 10 min. The reaction mixture was allowed tocool to room temperature, diluted with MeOH (5 mL) and filtered. Thesolvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue purified by silica gelcolumn chromatography with 20% ethyl acetate/hexane as eluant to givethe title compound as a brown oil. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 441.3 (M+1).

Example 137

4-{6-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazol-4-yl}-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester, Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(50 mg, 0.1 mmol) and4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (100 mg, 0.32 mmol, ChemShop) reacted under theconditions of Example 10 to provide the title compound. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 597 (M+1). M.p. 228.3-238.9° C. (decomp.).

Example 138

4-(4-tert-Butyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(a) Trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid 4-tert-butyl-cyclohex-1-enyl Ester

To 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone (6.24 mmol, 40 mmol, Aldrich) in THF (100mL) was added lithiumbistrimethylsilyl amide (40 mL, 1M solution in THF,Aldrich) over a period of 30 min with stirring at −78° C. After stirringfor 1 hr at −78° C., a solution of N-phenyltrifluoromethanesulfonimide(14.28 g, 40 mmol, Aldrich) in THF (100 mL) was added over a period of30 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h and slowlywarmed to room temperature over a period of 6 h. The reaction mixturewas extracted with EtOAc, the combined organic extracts were washed withwater, dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated andthe residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (10% ethylacetate/hexane) to give the title compound as an oil.

(b)2-(4-tert-Butyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane

To a solution of the triflate from step (a) above in dioxane (100 mL)was added bisboronpinacolate (5.6 g, 22 mmol, Aldrich), potassiumacetate (6 g, 61 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (315 mg, 0.6 mmol, Strem), dppf (332mg, 0.6 mmol, Strem) and the contents were flushed with nitrogen. Thereaction mixture was heated at 80° C. overnight. The solvents wereremoved in vacuo and the residue was extracted with EtOAc, and washedwith water. The organic layer was separated, dried over Na₂SO₄ andfiltered. The filtrate was evaporated and the residue was purified bysilica gel column chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give thetitle compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 265.2(M+1).

(c)4-(4-tert-Butyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(250 mg, 0.5 mmol, Example 7) and2-(4-tert-butyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolanefrom step (b) above (200 mg, 0.76 mmol) reacted under the conditions ofExample 10 to give the title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 552 (M+1). M.p. 96-97.7° C.

Example 139

6-Trifluoromethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane

4-Trifluoromethylcyclohexanone (Matrix) reacted under the conditions ofExample 138a to give the title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 277.2(M+1).

(b)6-Trifluoromethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(100 mg, 0.5 mmol, Example 7) reacted with4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-[1,3,2]dioxaborolanefrom step (a) above (200 mg, 0.72 mmol) under the conditions of Example10 to give the title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z:564.4 (M+1). M.p. 213.4-217.3° C.

Example 140

4-(1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-pyridin-4-yl)-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

To4-{6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazol-4-yl}-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester, trifluoroacetic acid salt (15 mg, Example 137)was added 1:1 mixture of TFA/dichloromethane (1 mL). The reactionmixture was allowed to stand at 25° C. for 4 h. The solvent was removedin vacuo and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as anoil. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 564.4 (M+1).

Example 141

4-(1-Isopropyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridin-4-yl)-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of4-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridin-4-yl)-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,trifluoroacetic acid salt (400 mg, 0.8 mmol, Example 140), acetone (0.5mL, 6.7 mmol) and 2 drops of glacial acetic acid in DMF (2 mL) washeated at 100° C. in a microwave synthesizer for 5 min. The reactionmixture was cooled to room temperature, triacetoxyborohydride (460 mg,2.17 mmol, Aldrich) was added and the mixture was heated at 100° C. in amicrowave synthesizer for 10 min. The reaction mixture was cooled toroom temperature, diluted with EtOAc (100 mL) and washed with water. Theorganic layer was separated, dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. Thefiltrate was evaporated and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC(gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the titlecompound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 539 (M+1).

Example 142

6-Trifluoromethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-cyclohexyl)-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

6-Trifluoromethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(10 mg, Example 139b) was subjected to catalytic hydrogenation inethanol (1 mL) using 10% Pd/C (10 mg, Aldrich) as catalyst. The reactionwas conducted at room temperature under 1 atmosphere hydrogen for 2days. The catalyst was filtered through a Celite®pad, the filter cakewas washed with methanol and the filtrate was evaporated in vacuo togive the title compound as a film. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 565 (M+1).

Example 143

2-[4-(5-Bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)1-(5-Bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine

To a suspension of 1-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine (230mg, 1 mmol, Oakwood Products) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added asolution of bromine in dichloromethane (1.5 mL, 1 M, 1.5 mmol). Thereaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h. The precipitated yellowsolid was filtered, washed with small amount of methanol and dried invacuo to give the title compound as a yellow amorphous solid. MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/z: 311 (M+1).

(b)2-[4-(5-Bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

To a solution of 1-(5-bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazinefrom step (a) above (155 mg, 0.5 mmol) in isoamyl alcohol (2 mL) wasadded 7-bromo-2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (100 mg, 0.43mmol, ChemShop). The reaction mixture was heated at 180° C. in amicrowave synthesizer for 5 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to roomtemperature and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo and theresidue was purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroaceticacid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as an oil. MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/z: 494 (M+1)

Example 144

7-Bromo-2-[4-(5-bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

1-(5-Bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine (78 mg, 0.25 mmol,Example 143a) and 4-bromo-2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(75 mg, 0.25 mmol, Example 6b) reacted under the conditions of Example143b to give the title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 574 (M+1). M.p. 174.2-175.1° C.

Example 145

N-{6-[4-(4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl}-acetamide,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)(6-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-amine,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A suspension of 2,6-dichloro-3-trifluoromethylpyridine (1.08 gm, 5 mmol,Lancaster), 4-methoxybenzyl amine (700 mg, 5 mmol, Aldrich) and sodiumbicarbonate (430 mg, 5 mmol) in isoamyl alcohol (5 mL) was heated at150° C. in a microwave synthesizer for 15 min. The reaction mixture wasallowed to cool to room temperature, diluted with MeOH (10 mL) andfiltered. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo and the residue waspurified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid inacetonitrile) to provide the title compound as a colorless oil. MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/z: 317 (M+1).

(b)N-(6-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-N-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-acetamide,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

To the 4-methoxybenzylamine from step (a) above (200 mg, 0.63 mmol) wasadded acetic anhydride (2 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 200°C. in a microwave synthesizer for 30 min. The reaction mixture wascooled to room temperature and evaporated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid inacetonitrile) to provide the title compound as a colorless solid. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 359 (M+1).

(c)N-(4-Methoxy-benzyl)-N-(6-piperazin-1-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

To a solution ofN-(6-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-N-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-acetamidefrom step (b) above (145 mg, 0.40 mmol) in N-methylpyrrolidinone (2 mL)was added piperazine (130 mg, 1.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was heatedat 220° C. in a microwave synthesizer for 30 min. The reaction mixturewas cooled to room temperature, filtered, and the filtrate evaporated invacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to provide the title compound as awhite amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 409 (M+1).

(d)N-{6-[4-(4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl}-N-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-acetamide,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture ofN-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-N-(6-piperazin-1-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamidefrom step (c) above (50 mg, 0.12 mmol) and4-bromo-2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (60 mg, 0.19 mmol,Example 6b) in isoamyl alcohol (0.5 mL) was heated at 180° C. in amicrowave synthesizer for 20 min. The reaction mixture was cooled toroom temperature and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo andthe residue was purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as acolorless solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 671 (M+1).

(e)N-{6-[4-(4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl}-acetamide,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

N-{6-[4-(4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl}-N-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-acetamidefrom step (d) above (20 mg, 0.03 mmol) was treated with trifluoroaceticacid (0.5 mL) at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture wasevaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC(gradient 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile) to give the titlecompound as a colorless film. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 551 (M+1).

Example 146

4-Piperidin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (a)4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(2 g, 4 mmol, Example 7) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) reacted with2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl chloride (660 mg, 4 mmol, Aldrich) underthe conditions of Example 127a to give the title compound as alight-brown oil. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 564.4 (M+1).

(b)4-Piperidin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazolefrom step (a) above (160 mg, 0.26 mmol) and piperidine (84 mg, 1 mmol)reacted under the conditions of Example 127b to give the title compoundas an oil. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 629 (M+1).

(c)4-Piperidin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

To a solution of4-piperidin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazolefrom step (b) above (30 mg, 0.047 mmol)) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) was addedtrifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture was allowed to standat room temperature for 8 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and theresidue was purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroaceticacid in acetonitrile) to provide the title compound as a colorless film.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 499 (M+1).

Example 147

4-Morpholin-4-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(a)4-Morpholin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazolefrom Example 146a reacted with morpholine under the conditions ofExample 127b to give the title compound.

(b)4-Morpholin-4-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

4-Morpholin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazolefrom step (a) above reacted with trifluoroacetic acid under theconditions of Example 146c to give the title compound. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 501 (M+1).

Example 148

4-piperazin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole(a)4-{6-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazol-4-yl}-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-benzoimidazolefrom Example 146a reacted with piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester under the conditions of Example 127b to give the title compound.

(b)4-piperazin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole

4-{6-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazol-4-yl}-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester from step (a) above reacted with trifluoroaceticacid under the conditions of Example 146c to give the title compound. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 500 (M+1).

Example 149

4-Bromo-2-[(2R)-4-(3,5-dichloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(a) (3R)-1-(3,5-Dichloro-pyridin-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazine

2,3,5-Trichloro-pyridine (910 mg, 5.0 mmol, Aldrich) and(R)-(−)-2-methyl-piperazine (700 mg, 7.0 mmol, Aldrich) reacted underthe conditions of Example 3a to give the title compound as alight-yellow solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 247 (M+1).

(b)4-Bromo-2-[(2R)-4-(3,5-dichloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-6trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

A mixture of the piperazine from step (a) above (148 mg, 0.6 mmol) and7-bromo-2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (150 mg, 0.5 mmol,Example 6b) in dioxane (2 mL) reacted under the conditions of Example 3cto give the title compound. Mp: 135-137° C. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 510(M+1)

Example 150

{5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol(a) {5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol

A mixture of (5,6-dichloro-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol (356 mg, 2.0 mmol,Aldrich) and (R)-(−)-2-methyl-piperazine (240 mg, 2.4 mmol, Aldrichreacted under the conditions of Example 3a to give the title compound.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 242 (M+1).

(b){5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol

A mixture of{5-chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol fromstep (a) above (96 mg, 0.4 mmol) and2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (71 mg, 0.32 mmol, Example1c) in dioxane (2 mL) reacted under the conditions of Example 3c to givethe title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 426 (M+1).

Example 151

{6-[(3R)-4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol

A mixture of 7-bromo-2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (96mg, 0.32 mmol, Example 6b) and{5-chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol (96mg, 0.4 mmol, Example 150a) in dioxane (2 mL) reacted under theconditions of Example 3c to give the title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 506 (M+1).

Example 152

2-[(2R)-2-Methyl-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

A mixture of 2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (176 mg, 0.8mmol, Example 1c) and(3R)-3-methyl-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine (245 mg, 1.0mmol, Example 79a) in dioxane (2 mL) reacted under the conditions ofExample 3c to give the title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 430(M+1).

Example 153

2-[(2R)-4-(3-Chloro-5-methoxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(a) 2,3-Dichloro-5-methoxymethyl-pyridine

To a solution of (5,6-dichloro-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol (356 mg, 2.0 mmol,Aldrich) and iodomethane (0.25 mL, 4.0 mmol, Aldrich) in DMF (3.0 mL)was added NaH (120 mg, 3.0 mmol, Aldrich, 60% dispersion in mineral oil)portionwise with stirring at room temperature. The mixture was stirredfor 30 min at room temperature, saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (10mL) was added, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). Thecombined organic phases were washed with water (5 mL) and brine (5 mL),dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuo andthe residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, elutingwith 20% EtOAc/hexane to give the title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 192 (M+1).

(b) (3R)-1-(3-Chloro-5-methoxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazine

A mixture of 2,3-dichloro-5-methoxymethyl-pyridine from step (a) above(370 mg, 1.93 mmol) and (R)-(−)-2-methyl-piperazine (231 mg, 2.3 mmol,Aldrich) reacted under the condition of Example 3a to give the titlecompound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 256 (M+1).

(c)2-[(2R)-4-(3-Chloro-5-methoxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

A mixture of(3R)-1-(3-chloro-5-methoxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazine fromstep (b) above (153 mg, 0.6 mmol) and2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (153 mg, 0.48 mmol, Example1c) in dioxane (2 mL) reacted under the conditions of Example 3c to givethe title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 440 (M+1).

Example 154

(1S)-1-{5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanoland(1R)-1-{5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanol(a) 5,6-Dichloro-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde

A mixture of (5,6-dichloro-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol (1.78 g, 10 mmol,TCI-US) and MnO₂ (17.39 g, 200 mmol, Aldrich) in 1:1 CH₂Cl₂/hexane (10mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The catalyst was filteredand washed with 50% EtOAc/hexane. The filtrate was evaporated and theresidue dried in vacuo to give the title compound product, which wasused in the next step without additional purification. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 176 (M+1).

(b) (1S,1R)-1-(5,6-Dichloro-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanol

MeMgBr (2.5 mL, 7.5 mmol, 3.0 M in ether, Aldrich) was added dropwise toa solution of 5,6-dichloro-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde from step (a) above(880 mg, 5.0 mmol) in THF (20 mL, Aldrich) with stirring at 0° C. Themixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, saturated aqueous solution ofNH₄Cl (20 mL) was added, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×40mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (20 mL), driedover Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and theresidue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with40% EtOAc/hexane to give the title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 192(M+1).

(c)(1S)-1-[5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl]-ethanoland(1R)-1-[5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl]-ethanol

1-(5,6-Dichloro-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanol from step (b) above (192 mg, 1.0mmol) and (R)-(−)-2-methyl-piperazine (110 mg, 1.1 mmol, Aldrich)reacted under the conditions of Example 3a to give the title compound asa mixture of diastereoisomers. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 256 (M+1).

(d)(1S)-1-{5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanoland(1R)-1-{5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanol

The diasteroisomeric mixture from step (c) above (128 mg, 0.5 mmol) and2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (88 mg, 0.4 mmol, Example1c) in ethanol (2 mL) reacted under the conditions of Example 3c to givethe title compound as a mixture of diastereoisomers. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 440 (M+1).

Example 155

N-{5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-ylmethyl}-acetamide(a) 5-Bromomethyl-2,3-dichloro-pyridine

CBr₄ (497 mg, 1.5 mmol, Aldrich) was added portionwise to a solution of(5,6-dichloro-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol (178 mg, 1.0 mmol, TCI-US) and PPh₃(393 mg, 1.5 mmol, Aldrich) in CH₃CN (3 mL) with stirring at roomtemperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, thesolvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gelcolumn chromatography, eluting with 10% EtOAc/hexane to give the titlecompound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 242 (M+1).

(b) 2-(5,6-Dichloro-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-isoindole-1,3-dione

A mixture of 5-bromomethyl-2,3-dichloro-pyridine from step (a) above(121 mg, 0.5 mmol) and potassium phthalimide (139 mg, 0.75 mmol,Aldrich) in DMF (1 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Water(5 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). Thecombined organic extracts were washed with water (5 mL) and brine (5mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated invacuo and the residue was suspended in 20% EtOAc/hexane, and filtered.The solid was washed with 20% EtOAc/hexane and dried in vacuo to givethe title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 307 (M+1).

(c) (5,6-Dichloro-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)methylamine

A mixture of 2-(5,6-dichloro-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-isoindole-1,3-dionefrom step (b) above (307 mg, 1.0 mmol) and methylamine (1.0 mL, 2.0mmoL, 2.0 M in THF, Aldrich) in EtOH (10 mL) was stirred at roomtemperature for 4 days. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give thetitle compound, which was used in the next step without additionalpurification.

(d) N-(5,6-Dichloro-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-acetamide

To a mixture of the amine from step (c) above (1.77 g, 10 mmol) and Et₃N(2.78 mL, 20 mmol, Aldrich) was added Ac₂O dropwise with stirring atroom temperature. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at roomtemperature, diluted with EtOAc (30 mL), washed with water (20 mL) andbrine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The filtrate wasevaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography, eluting with 80% EtOAc/hexane to give the titlecompound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 219 (M+1).

(e)N-{5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-ylmethyl}-acetamide

A mixture of N-(5,6-dichloro-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-acetamide from step (d)above (250 mg, 1.14 mmol) and (R)-(−)-2-methyl-piperazine (126 mg, 1.26mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 3a to give thetitle compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 283 (M+1).

(f)N-{5-Chloro-6-[3-methyl-4-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-ylmethyl}-acetamide

A mixture of 2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (88 mg, 0.4mmol, Example 1c) andN-{5-chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-ylmethyl}-acetamidefrom step (e) above (141 mg, 0.5 mmol) in ethanol (2 mL) reacted underthe conditions of Example 3c to give the title compound. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 467 (M+1).

Example 156

N-{5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-ylmethyl}-N-methyl-acetamide(a) N-(5,6-Dichloro-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-N-methyl-acetamide

NaH (41 mg, 1.0 mmol, Aldrich, 60% dispersion in mineral oil) was addedportionwise to a solution ofN-(5,6-dichloro-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-acetamide (150 mg, 0.68 mmol,Example 155d) and iodomethane (0.063 mL, 1.0 mmol, Aldrich) in DMF (3.0mL) with stirring at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 30min at room temperature, diluted with EtOAc (30 mL), washed with water(20 mL) and brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The filtratewas evaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gelcolumn chromatography, eluting with 80% EtOAc/hexane to give the titlecompound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 233 (M+1).

(b)N-[5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-N-methyl-acetamide

A mixture of N-(5,6-dichloro-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-N-methyl-acetamide fromstep (a) above (233 mg, 1.0 mmol) and (R)-(−)-2-methyl-piperazine (110mg, 1.1 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 3a togive the title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 297 (M+1).

(c)N-{5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-ylmethyl}-N-methyl-acetamide

A mixture of 2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (88 mg, 0.4mmol, Example 1c) andN-[5-chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-N-methyl-acetamidefrom step (b) above (148 mg, 0.5 mmol) in ethanol (2 mL) reacted underthe conditions Example 3c to give the title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 481 (M+1).

Example 157

2-{5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-propan-2-ol(a) 1-(5,6-Dichloro-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanone

A mixture of (1S,1R)-1-(5,6-dichloro-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanol (384 mg, 2.0mmol, Example 154b) and MnO₂ (3.48 g, 40 mmol, Aldrich) reacted underthe conditions of Example 154a to give the title compound. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 190 (M+1).

(b) 2-(5,6-Dichloro-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-2-ol

1-(5,6-Dichloro-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanone from step (a) above (300 mg, 1.58mmol) reacted with MeMgBr (0.79 mL, 2.4 mmol, 3.0 M in ether, Aldrich)under the conditions of Example 154b to give the title compound. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 206 (M+1).

(c)2-[5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl]-propan-2-ol

A mixture of 2-(5,6-dichloro-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-2-ol from step (b)above (140 mg, 0.68 mmol) and (R)-(−)-2-methyl-piperazine (75 mg, 0.75mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 3a to give thetitle compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 270 (M+1).

(d)2-{5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-propan-2-ol

A mixture of 2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (58 mg, 0.26mmol, Example 1c) and2-[5-chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl]-propan-2-olfrom step (c) above (90 mg, 0.33 mmol) in ethanol (1 mL) reacted underthe conditions of Example 3c to give the title compound. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 454 (M+1).

Example 158

2-[(2R)-4-(3,5-Dichloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

A mixture of4-bromo-2-[(2R)-4-(3,5-dichloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(204 mg, 0.4 mmol, Example 149b), 4-trifluoromethylphenylboronic acid(152 mg, 0.8 mmol, Aldrich), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (46 mg, 0.04 mmol, Aldrich) andNa₂CO₃ (2 mL, 0.8 mmol, 0.4 M in H₂O) in MeCN (4 mL) was heated at 90°C. with stirring for 16 h. Water (10 mL) was added and the mixture wasextracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The combined organic extracts werewashed with brine (5 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtratewas evaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gelcolumn chromatography, eluting with 10% EtOAc/hexane to give the titlecompound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 574 (M+1).

Example 159

7-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-2-[(2R)-4-(3,5-dichloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

4-Bromo-2-[(2R)-4-(3,5-dichloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(204 mg, 0.4 mmol, Example 149b) and 4-chlorophenylboronic acid (124 mg,0.8 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 158 to givethe title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 504 (M+1).

Example 160

2-[(2R)-4-(3,5-Dichloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

4-Bromo-2-[(2R)-4-(3,5-dichloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(204 mg, 0.4 mmol, Example 149b) and 4,5,6-trifluorophenylboronic acid(141 mg, 0.8 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 158to give the title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 504 (M+1).

Example 161

(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol

{6-[(3R)-4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol(152 mg, 0.3 mmol, Example 151) and 4-trifluoromethylphenylboronic acid(114 mg, 0.6 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 158to give the title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 570 (M+1).

Example 162

(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol

{6-[(3R)-4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol(152 mg, 0.3 mmol, Example 151) and 4,5,6-trifluorophenylboronic acid(106 mg, 0.6 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 158to give the title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 556 (M+1).

Example 163

{5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(7-pyridin-3-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol

{6-[(3R)-4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol(152 mg, 0.3 mmol, Example 151) and 3-diethylboranyl-pyridine (118 mg,0.6 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 158 to givethe title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 503 (M+1).

Example 164

(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-4-[7-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol

{6-[(3R)-4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol(152 mg, 0.3 mmol, Example 151) and 4-chlorolphenylboronic acid (94 mg,0.6 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 158 to givethe title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 536 (M+1).

Example 165

2-[(2R)-4-(3,5-Dichloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-7-pyridin-3-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

4-Bromo-2-[(2R)-4-(3,5-dichloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole(204 mg, 0.4 mmol, Example 149b) and 3-diethylboranyl-pyridine (118 mg,0.8 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 158 to givethe title compound. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 510 (M+1).

Example 166

(1S)-1-(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanoland(1R)-1-(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanol(a)(1S)-1-{6-[(3R)-4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanoland(1R)-1-{6-[(3R)-4-(7-Bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanol

7-Bromo-2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (902 mg, 3.0 mmol,Example 6b) reacted with the diasteromeric mixture of(1S)-1-[5-chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl]-ethanoland(1R)-1-[5-chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl]-ethanol(766 mg, 3.0 mmol, Example 154c) in ethanol (2 mL) under the conditionsof Example 3c to give the title compound as a mixture ofdiastereoisomers. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 518 (M+1).

(b)(1S)-1-(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanoland(1R)-1-(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanol.

The diastereoisomeric mixture from step (a) above (104 mg, 0.2 mmol) and4,5,6-trifluorophenylboronic acid (70 mg, 0.4 mmol, Aldrich) reactedunder the conditions of Example 158 to give the title compound as amixture of diastereoisomers. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 570 (M+1).

Example 167

(1S)-1-(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanoland(1R)-1-(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanol

The diastereoisomeric mixture of(1S)-1-{6-[(3R)-4-(7-bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanoland(1R)-1-{6-[(3R)-4-(7-bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanol(104 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 166a) reacted with4-trifluoromethylphenylboronic acid (76 mg, 0.4 mmol, Aldrich) under theconditions of Example 158 to give the title compound as a mixture ofdiastereoisomers. MS: (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 584 (M+1).

Example 168

(1S)-1-(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-4-[7-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanoland(1R)-1-(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-4-[7-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanol

The diastereoisomeric mixture of(1S)-1-{6-[(3R)-4-(7-bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanoland(1R)-1-{6-[(3R)-4-(7-bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanol(104 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 166a) reacted with 4-chlorophenylboronic acid(63 mg, 0.4 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 158 to givethe title compound as a mixture of diastereoisomers. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 550 (M+1).

Example 169

(1S)-1-{5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(7-pyridin-3-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanoland(1R)-1-{5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(7-pyridin-3-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanol

The diastereoisomeric mixture of(1S)-1-{6-[(3R)-4-(7-bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanoland(1R)-1-{6-[(3R)-4-(7-bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanol(104 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 166a) reacted with 3-diethylboranyl-pyridine(59 mg, 0.4 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 158 to give32 mg (31%) of product as a mixture of diastereoisomers. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 517 (M+1).

Example 170

N-{2-[(2R)-4-(3-Chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-3H-benzoimidazol-4-yl}-3,4,5-trifluoro-benzamide(a)3,4,5-Trifluoro-N-(2-oxo-6-trifluoromethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-4-yl)-benzamide

4-Amino-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-2-one (2.17 g, 10mmol, Example 61a) and 3,4,5-trifluoro-benzoic acid (1.94 g, 11 mmol,Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 65 to give the titlecompound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 376 (M+1), (ESI, neg.ion) m/z: 374 (M−1)

(b)N-(2-Chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-3H-benzoimidazol-4-yl)-3,4,5-trifluoro-benzamide

3,4,5-Trifluoro-N-(2-oxo-6-trifluoromethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-4-yl)-benzamidefrom step (c) above (1.12 g, 3.0 mmol) reacted with POCl₃ (5 mL,Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 1c to give the title compoundas a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 393.7 (M+1), (ESI, neg. ion)m/z: 392 (M−1).

(c)N-{2-[(2R)-4-(3-Chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-3H-benzoimidazol-4-yl}-3,4,5-trifluoro-benzamide

A mixture of{5-chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol (530mg, 2.2 mmol, Example 150a) andN-(2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-3H-benzoimidazol-4-yl)-3,4,5-trifluoro-benzamidefrom step (d) above (787 mg, 2.0 mmol) in EtOH (2 mL, Aldrich) reactedunder the conditions of Example 3c to give the title compound as a whitesolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 599 (M+1).

Example 171

(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-benzylamino)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol

To a solution ofN-{2-[(2R)-4-(3-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-3H-benzoimidazol-4-yl}-3,4,5-trifluoro-benzamide(120 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 170c) in THF (1 mL) was added BH₃. THF (0.6mL, 0.6 mmol, Aldrich) dropwise with stirring at 0° C. The mixture washeated at reflux for 5 h, cooled to room temperature and diluted with1:1 mixture of MeOH and 1N NaOH (2 mL). The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 30 min and extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). The combinedorganic extracts were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ andfiltered. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo and the residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with 5%MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ to give the title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/e: 586 (M+1).

Example 172

4-(3-Chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazine-2-carboxylicAcid Methylamide (a) piperazine-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid 1,4-dibenzylEster

Benzyl chloroformate (3.1 mL, 22 mmol, Aldrich) was added dropwise overa period of 5 min to a mixture of piperazine-2-carboxylic aciddihydrochloride (2.03 g, 10 mmol, Aldrich) and Na₂CO₃ (4.24 g, 40 mmol)in water (10 mL) with stirring at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C.for 1 h, 2N HCl (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted withEtOAc (3×40 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with water(10 mL) and brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The filtratewas evaporated in vacuo to give the title compound as a gum, which wasused for the next step without additional purification. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/e: 399 (M+1).

(b) 2-Methylcarbamoyl-piperazine-1,4-dicarboxylic acid dibenzyl Ester

Piperazine-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid 1,4-dibenzyl ester from step (a)above and methylamine (5.5 mL, 11 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under theconditions of Example 61a to give the title compound as a gum. MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/e: 412 (M+1).

(c) piperazine-2-carboxylic Acid Methylamide

A suspension of 2-methylcarbamoyl-piperazine-1,4-dicarboxylic aciddibenzyl ester from step (b) above (1.64 g, 4.0 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (42mg, 0.04 mmol, Aldrich) in ethanol (10 mL) was vigorously stirred underhydrogen atmosphere for 4 h at room temperature. The catalyst wasfiltered through Celite® pad and the filter cake was washed with EtOH.The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to give the title compound, whichwas used in the next step without additional purification. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/e: 144 (M+1).

(d) 4-(3-Chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-2-carboxylicAcid Methylamide

piperazine-2-carboxylic acid methylamide from step (c) above (570 mg,4.0 mmol) and (5,6-dichloro-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol (710 mg, 4.0 mmol,TCI-US) reacted under the conditions of Example 3a to give the titlecompound as a light-yellow gum. MS ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 285 (M+1).

(e)4-(3-Chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazine-2-carboxylicAcid Methylamide

A mixture of4-(3-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-2-carboxylic acidmethylamide from step (d) above (114 mg, 0.4 mmol) and2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(140 mg, 0.4 mmol, Example 51b) in EtOH (1 mL) reacted under theconditions of Example 3c to give the title compound as a white solid. MSESI, pos. ion) m/e: 599 (M+1).

Example 173

(1S)-1-(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanol

The diastereoisomeric mixture of(1S)-1-{6-[(3R)-4-(4-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanoland(1R)-1-{6-[(3R)-4-(4-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-ethanol(416 mg, 0.8 mmol, Example 166a) reacted with3,4,5-trifluorophenylboronic acid (282 mg, 1.6 mmol, Lancaster) underthe conditions of Example 158 to give the title compound as a mixture ofdiastereoisomers. Separation of the mixture by preparative HPLC on aChiralcel OD column, eluting with 9:1 hexane/EtOH afforded the fastrunning title compound. The configuration (1S) was assigned at random.(ESI, neg. ion) m/z: 570 (M−1).

Example 174

(1R)-1-(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanol

The title compound was isolated by preparative HPLC separation of thediastereoisomeric mixture of products of Example 173. The (1R)configuration assignment was based on the randomly assigned (1S)configuration of the diastereoisomer described in Example 173. (ESI,neg. ion) m/z: 570 (M−1).

Example 175

N-{2-[(2R)-4-(3-Chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-3H-benzoimidazol-4-yl}-4-trifluoromethyl-benzamide(a){5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(7-nitro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol

A mixture of{5-chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol (1.21g, 5.0 mmol, Example 150a) and2-chloro-7-nitro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (1.33 g, 5.0 mmol,Example 57c) in EtOH (4 mL) reacted under the conditions of Example 3cto give the title compound as a yellow solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e:471 (M+1).

(b){6-[(3R)-4-(7-Amino-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol

{5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(7-nitro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-methanolfrom step (a) above (942 mg, 2.0 mmol) was hydrogenated under theconditions of Example 57a to give 847 mg (96%) the title compound as ayellow gum. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 441 (M+1).

(c)N-{2-[(2R)-4-(3-Chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-3H-benzoimidazol-4-yl}-4-trifluoromethyl-benzamide

{6-[(3R)-4-(7-Amino-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-methanolfrom step (b) above (221 mg, 0.5 mmol) and 4-trifluoromethyl-benzoicacid (105 mg, 0.55 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions ofExample 65 to give the title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/e: 613 (M+1).

Example 176

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid{2-[(2R)-4-(3-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-3H-benzoimidazol-4-yl}-amide

{6-[(3R)-4-(7-Amino-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-methanolfrom (221 mg, 0.5 mmol, Example 175b) and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (71mg, 0.55 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 65 togive the title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 551(M+1).

Example 177

4-Chloro-N-{2-[(2R)-4-(3-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-3H-benzoimidazol-4-yl}-benzamide

{6-[(3R)-4-(7-Amino-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol(221 mg, 0.5 mmol, Example 175b) and 4-chloro-benzoic acid (86 mg, 0.55mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 65 to give thetitle compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 579 (M+1).

Example 178

5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-nicotinicAcid Methyl Ester (a) 5,6-Dichloro-nicotinic Acid Methyl Ester

A solution of 5,6-dichloro-nicotinic acid (1.92 g, 10 mmol, Aldrich) andp-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (190 mg, 1.0 mmol, Aldrich) inmethanol (5 mL, Aldrich) was heated at reflux for 25 h. The reactionmixture was cooled to room temperature, the solvent was removed in vacuoand the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL). The solution was washedwith satd. NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, andfiltered. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo and the residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with 30%EtOAc/hexane to give the title compound as a white solid. MS ESI, pos.ion) m/e: 205 (M+1).

(b) 5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-nicotinic Acid MethylEster

5,6-Dichloro-nicotinic acid methyl ester from step (a) above (1.23 g,6.0 mmol) and (R)-(−)-2-methyl-piperazine (667 mg, 6.6 mmol, Aldrich)reacted under the conditions of Example 3a to give the title compound asa white solid. MS ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 270 (M+1).

(c)5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-nicotinicAcid Methyl Ester

5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-nicotinic acid methyl esterfrom step (b) above (271 mg, 1.0 mmol) and2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(350 mg, 1.0 mmol, Example 51b) reacted under the conditions of Example3c to give the title compound as a white solid. MS ESI, pos. ion) m/e:584 (M+1).

Example 179

(6-{(3R)-4-[7-(Bis-cyclohexylmethyl-amino)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl}-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol

{6-[(3R)-4-(7-Amino-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol(221 mg, 0.5 mmol, Example 175b) and cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (62 mg,0.55 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 59 to givethe title compound as a light-yellow solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 633(M+1).

Example 180

(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-4-[7-(cyclohexylmethyl-amino)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol

The title compound was formed as a second product of the reactiondescribed in Example 179 and isolated as a light-yellow solid. Yield 112mg (42%). MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 537 (M+1).

Example 181

(1S)-1-(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-1-oland(1R)-1-(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-1-ol(a)5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde

(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol(110 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 162) reacted with MnO₂ (348 mg, 4.0 mmol,Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 154a to give the title compoundas a gum, which is was used in the next step without additionalpurification. MS ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 554 (M+1).

(b)(1S)-1-(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-1-oland(1R)-1-(5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-1-ol

5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridine-3-carbaldehydefrom step (a) above (88 mg, 0.16 mmol) in THF (2 mL) reacted withC₂H₅MgBr under the conditions of Example 154b to give the title compoundas a mixture of diastereoisomers. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 584 (M+1).

Example 182

{2-[(2R)-4-(3-Chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-3H-benzoimidazol-4-yl}-carbamicAcid tert-butyl Ester

To a mixture of{6-[(3R)-4-(7-amino-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol(221 mg, 1.0 mmol, Example 175b) and 1 N NaOH (1 mL) in THF (5 mL) wasadded di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (131 mg, 0.6 mmol, Aldrich) in oneportion with stirring at room temperature. The mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 30 min, diluted with water (20 mL) and extractedwith EtOAc (2×40 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed withbrine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate wasevaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gel columnchromatography, eluting with 60% EtOAc/hexane to give the title compoundas a light-yellow solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 541 (M+1).

Example 183

(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol(a) (3R)-3-Methyl-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine

2-Chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridine (7.26, 40 mmol, TCI-US) and(R)-(−)-2-methyl-piperazine (4.45 g, 44 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under theconditions of Example 3a to give the title compound as a gum. MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/e: 246 (M+1).

(b)(2R)-2-Methyl-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

(3R)-3-Methyl-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine from step(a) above (7.38 g, 30 mmol) reacted with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate underthe conditions of Example 182 to give the title compound as a gum. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 346 (M+1).

(c)(2R)-4-(5-Bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

Bromine (1.52 mL, 29.7 mmol, Aldrich) was added dropwise over a periodof 5 min to a solution(2R)-2-methyl-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester from step (b) above (9.34 g, 27 mmol) indichloromethane (100 mL) with stirring at room temperature. The mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 min, the solvent was removed invacuo and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (200 mL). The solution waswashed with sat. NaHCO₃ (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄,and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo and the residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with 10%EtOAc/hexane to give the title compound as a gum. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/e: 426 (M+1).

(d)(2R)-4-[5-(2-Methoxycarbonyl-vinyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl]-2-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

A mixture of(2R)-4-(5-bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester from step (c) above (8.48 g, 20 mmol), methylacrylate (1.9 g, 22 mmol, Aldrich), palladium acetate (49 mg, 2.0 mmol,Aldrich) and benzyltriethyl ammonium chloride (456 mg, 2.0 mmol,Aldrich) in DMF (20 mL) was stirred at 40° C. for 18 h. The reactionmixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (50 mL) andextracted with EtOAc (2×80 mL). The combined organic extracts werewashed with brine (40 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtratewas evaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gelcolumn chromatography, eluting with 20% EtOAc/hexane to give the titlecompound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 430 (M+1).

(e)(2R)-4-(5-Formyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

A mixture of(2R)-4-[5-(2-methoxycarbonyl-vinyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl]-2-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester from step (d) above (6.02 g, 14 mmol), OsO₄ (4.43mL, 0.7 mmol, 4% in H₂O, Aldrich) and N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (1.96g, 16.8 mmol, Aldrich) in acetone (16 mL) was stirred at roomtemperature for 5 h. To the mixture was added saturated aqueous solutionof NaHSO₃ (910 mL) and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×40 mL).The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (20 mL), dried overNa₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo and theresidue was dissolved in dichloromethane (20 mL). To the solution wasadded Pb(OAc)₄ (7.44 g, 16.8 mmol, Aldrich) in one portion and themixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min. The mixture was diluted withhexane (10 mL), filtered through a Celite® pad and the filter cake waswashed with 50% EtOAc/hexane. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo andthe residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, elutingwith 30% EtOAc/hexane to give the title compound as a gum. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/e: 374 (M+1).

(f)(2R)-4-(5-Hydroxymethyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

To a solution of(2R)-4-(5-formyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester from step (e) above (4.48 g, 12 mmol) in methanol(30 mL) was added portionwise NaBH₄ (542 mg, 14.4 mmol, Aldrich) withstirring at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and thesolvent was removed in vacuo. The residure was dissolved in EtOAc (60mL) and washed with water (20 mL) and brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄,and filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with 50%EtOAc/hexane to give the title compound as a gum. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/e: 376 (M+1).

(g) {5-Chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol

To a stirred solution of4-(5-hydroxymethyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester from step (f) above (3.75 g, 10 mmol) indichloromethane (10 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (10 mL, Aldrich)dropwise at 0° C. over a period of 10 min. The mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 16 h and diluted with toluene (20 mL). The solventswere removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (100 mL),washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (2×30 mL) and brine (20mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The solvent was evaporated invacuo and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography,eluting with 90:10:1 mixture of MeOH/CH₂Cl₂/ammonium hydroxide to givethe title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 276 (M+1).

(h)(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol

A mixture of{5-chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol fromstep (g) above (825 mg, 3.0 mmol) and2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(1.05 g, 3.0 mmol, Example 51b) in EtOH (5 mL) reacted under theconditions of Example 3c to give the title compound as a white solid. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 590 (M+1).

Example 184

(1S)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-1-oland(1R)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-1-ol(a)6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde

(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol(1.18 g, 2.0 mmol, Example 183 h) reacted with MnO₂ (3.48, 40 mmol,Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 154a to give the title compoundas a white solid, which was used in the next step without additionalpurification. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 588 (M+1).

(b)(1S)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-1-oland(1R)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-1-ol

6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-3-carbaldehydefrom step (a) above (88 mg, 0.15 mmol) reacted with C₂H₅MgBr under theconditions of Example 154b to give the title compound as a mixture ofdiastereoisomers. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 618 (M+1).

Example 185

(1S)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-prop-2-en-1-oland(1R)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-prop-2-en-1-ol

6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde(88 mg, 0.15 mmol, Example 184a) in THF (2 mL) reacted with C₂H₃MgBr(0.19 mL, 0.19 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 154b togive the title compound as a mixture of diastereoisomers. MS (. ion)m/e: 616 (M+1).

Example 186

(1S)-2-Methyl-1-(6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-1-oland(1R)-2-Methyl-1-(6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-1-ol

6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde(88 mg, 0.15 mmol, Example 184a) reacted with C₃H₇MgBr (0.09 mL, 0.18mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 154b to give the titlecompound as a mixture of diastereoisomers. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 632(M+1).

Example 187

(1S)-1-(6-{(3R)-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanoland(1R)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanol

6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde(88 mg, 0.15 mmol, Example 184a) in THF (2 mL, Aldrich) reacted withCH₃MgBr (0.06 mL, 0.19 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example154b to give the title compound as a mixture of diastereoisomers. MSESI, pos. ion) m/e: 604 (M+1).

Example 188

(1S)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-1-phenyl-methanoland(1R)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-1-phenyl-methanol.

6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde(88 mg, 0.15 mmol, Example 184a) reacted with C₆H₅MgBr (0.19 mL, 0.19mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 154b to give the titlecompound as a mixture of diastereoisomers. MS ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 666(M+1).

Example 189

(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol(a)6-trifluoromethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-2-one

4-Bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-2-one 562 mg, 2.0mmol, Example 6a) reacted with 4-trifluoromethylphenylboronic acid (760mg, 4.0 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 10 to give thetitle compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, neg. ion) m/z: 345 (M−1).

(b)2-Chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

6-Trifluoromethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-2-onefrom step (a) above (8.6 g, 25 mmol) reacted with POCl₃ (50 mL, Aldrich)under the conditions of Example 1c to give the title compound as a whitesolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 364 (M+1).

(c)(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol

2-Chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazolefrom step (b) above (1.09 g, 3.0 mmol) reacted with{5-chloro-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol (723mg, 3.0 mmol, Example 183 g) under the conditions of Example 3c to givethe title compound as a white solid. MS ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 570 (M+1).

Example 190

(1S)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-1-oland(1R)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-1-ol.(a)6-{3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde

(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol(422 mg, 0.7 mmol, Example 189c) reacted with MnO₂ (1.22 g, 14 mmol,Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 154a to give the title compoundas a white solid. MS ESI, pos. ion m/e: 602 (M+1).

(b)(1S)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-1-oland(1R)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-propan-1-ol

6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-3-carbaldehydefrom step (a) above (90 mg, 0.15 mmol) reacted with C₂H₅MgBr (0.19 mL,0.19 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 154b to give thetitle compound as a mixture of diastereoisomers. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e:632 (M+1).

Example 191

(1S)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-prop-2-en-1-oland(1R)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-prop-2-en-1-ol

6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde(90 mg, 0.15 mmol, Example 190a) reacted with C₂H₃MgBr (0.19 mL, 0.19mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 154b to give the titlecompound as a mixture of diastereoisomers. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 630(M+1).

Example 192

(5-Trifluoromethyl-6-{4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol(a) 4-(5-Bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

1-(5-Bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine (3.4 g, 11 mmol,Example 143a) reacted with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate under theconditions of Example 182 to give the title compound as a white solid.MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 310 (M-Bu+1).

(b)4-[5-(2-Methoxycarbonyl-vinyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl]-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

4-(5-Bromo-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester from step (a) above (3.7 g, 9.0 mmol) reacted withmethyl acrylate under the conditions of Example 183d to give the titlecompound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 316 (M−Bu+1).

(c) 4-(5-Formyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

4-[5-(2-Methoxycarbonyl-vinyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl]-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester from step (b) above (2.5 g, 6.0 mmol) reacted withOsO₄ (1.9 mL, 0.3 mmol, Aldrich) to give a diol intermediate, which wastreated with Pb(OAc)₄ (3.19 g, 7.2 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditionsof Example 183e to give the title compound as a gum. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/e: 260 (M−Bu+1).

(d)4-(5-Hydroxymethyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicAcid tert-butyl Ester

4-(5-Formyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester from step (c) above (1.44 g, 4.0 mmol) reacted withNaBH₄ (180 mg, 4.8 mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 183fto give the title compound as a gum. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 262(M−Bu+1).

(e) (6-piperazin-1-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol

4-(5-Hydroxymethyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester from step (d) above (1.08 g, 3.0 mmol) reactedwith TFA (10 mL, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 183 g to givethe title compound as a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 262 (M+1).

(f)(5-Trifluoromethyl-6-{4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol

A mixture of (6-piperazin-1-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-methanolfrom step (e) above (131 mg, 0.5 mmol) and2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(175 mg, 0.5 mmol, Example 51b) in EtOH (2 mL) reacted under theconditions of Example 3c to give the title compound as a white solid. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 576 (M+1).

Example 193

(5-Trifluoromethyl-6-{4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol

A mixture of (6-piperazin-1-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-methanol(131 mg, 0.5 mmol, Example 192e) and2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(181 mg, 0.5 mmol, Example 189b) in EtOH (2 mL) reacted under theconditions of Example 3c to give the title compound as a white solid. MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 590 (M+1), (ESI, neg. ion) m/z: 588 (M−1).

Example 194

(1S)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanoland(1R)-1-(6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl)-ethanol.

6-{(3R)-3-Methyl-4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde(90 mg, 0.15 mmol, Example 190a) reacted with CH₃MgBr (0.07 mL, 0.19mmol, Aldrich) under the conditions of Example 154b to give the titlecompound as a mixture of diastereoisomers. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e: 618(M+1).

Example 195

5-Chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-nicotinicAcid

A mixture of5-chloro-6-{(3R)-3-methyl-4-[6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-nicotinicacid methyl ester (58 mg, 0.1 mmol, Example 178c) and 1N NaOH (0.11 mL)in THF (1 mL) was stirred at 50° C. for 16 h. 1N HCl (0.11 mL) was addedand the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). The combined organicextracts were washed with brine (5 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered.The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified bysilica gel column chromatography, eluting with 10% MeOH/EtOAc to givethe title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/e:570 (M+1).

Example 196

2-[(2R)-4-(3-Chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-7-(3,5-difluoro-phenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

7-Bromo-2-[(2R)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(95 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 77) and 3,5-difluoro-phenylboronic acid (39mg, 0.25 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 51a togive the title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion)m/z: 508 (M+1).

Example 197

7-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-2-{(2R)-4-[3-(3,5-difluoro-phenyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

The title compound was isolated as a side product of the reactiondescribed in Example 196. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 586 (M+1).

Example 198

2-[(2R)-4-(3-Chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-7-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

7-Bromo-2-[(2R)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(95 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 77) and 3-fluoro-phenylboronic acid (35 mg,0.25 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 51a to givethe title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z:490 (M+1).

Example 199

7-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-{(2R)-4-[3-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl}-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole.The title compound was isolated as a side product of the reactiondescribed in Example 198. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 550 (M+1). Example 200

(4-{2-[(2R)-4-(3-Chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-3H-benzoimidazol-4-yl}-phenyl)-dimethyl-amine

7-Bromo-2-[(2R)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(95 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 77) and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenylboronicacid (41 mg, 0.25 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example51a to give the title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 515 (M+1).

Example 201

2-[(2R)-4-(3-Chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole

7-Bromo-2-[(2R)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(95 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 77) and 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid(47 mg, 0.25 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 51ato give the title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 515 (M+1).

Example 202

2-[(2R)-4-(3-Chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-7-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole

7-Bromo-2-[(2R)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(95 mg, 0.2 mmol, Example 77) and 4-fluoro-phenylboronic acid (35 mg,0.25 mmol, Aldrich) reacted under the conditions of Example 51a to givethe title compound as a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z:490 (M+1).

Example 203

5-Bromo-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine(a) 6-Bromo-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one

A mixture of 2,3-diamino-5-bromopyridine (0.94 g, 5 mmol, Aldrich) anddisuccinimido carbonate (1.28 g, 5 mmol, Aldrich) in chloroform (50 mL)was heated at reflux for 12 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and theresidue was purified by recrystallization from 40% EtOAc/hexane to givethe title compound as a brown solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 214 (M+1).

(b) 6-Bromo-2-chloro-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

The pyridin-2-one from step (a) above (1 g, 4.7 mmol) reacted with POCl₃under the conditions of Example 1c to give the title compound as a brownsolid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 232 (M+1).

(c)5-Bromo-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

The imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine from step (b) above (46 mg, 0.2 mmol) reactedwith 1-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine (69 mg, 0.3 mmol,Maybridge) under the conditions of Example 3c to give the title compoundas a white amorphous solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 427 (M+1).

Example 204

2-[4-(4-Chloro-[1,2,5]thiadiazol-3-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole,Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt

A mixture of 3,4-dichloro-[1,2,5]thiadiazole (30 μL, 0.32 mmol,Aldrich),2-piperazin-1-yl-5-trifluoromethyl-7-(3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole(65 mg, 0.16 mmol, Example 104a) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.1 mL,0.58 mmol) in 4:1 dioxane/DMSO (2.5 mL) was subjected to microwaveirradiation at 190° C. for 15 min. The mixture was cooled to roomtemperature and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo and theresidue was purified by preparative HPLC (gradient 0.1% trifluoroaceticacid in acetonitrile) to give the title compound as an amorphous solid.MS (ESI, positive ion) m/z: 519 (M+1).

Additional Examples

TABLE 1 The following examples were prepared from2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl- 1H-benzoimidazole (Example 1c) andcommercially available piperazines according to the general proceduredescribed for the preparation of Example 1d. Melt. Point Ex. Structure(° C.) M.S. (ESI) m/z 205

259 378 (M + 1) 206

274-275 414 (M + 1) 207

221-224 381 (M + 1) 208

215-216 371 (M + 1) 209

268-269 415 (M + 1) 210

amorphous solid 416 (M + 1) 211

amorphous solid 347 (M + 1) 212

amorphous solid 381 (M + 1) 213

amorphous solid 398 (M + 1) 214

214 416 (M + 1) 215

258-261 397 (M + 1) 216

272-273 375 (M + 1) 217

amorphous solid 362 (M + 1) 218

amorphous solid 450 (M + 1) 219

amorphous solid 417 (M + 1) 220

245 348 (M + 1) 221

amorphous solid 484 (M + 1) 222

amorphous solid 405 (M + 1) 223

amorphous solid 383.4 224

amorphous solid 383.6

TABLE 2 The following examples were prepared from 2-piperazin-1-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (Example 2a) and commerciallyavailable reagents according to the general procedures described for thepreparation of Example 2b and/or Example 3a. Melt. Point Ex. Structure(° C.) M.S. (ESI) m/z 225

209-211 417 (M + 1) 226

242-244 429 (M + 1) 227

amorphous solid 389 (M + 1) 228

amorphous solid 366 (M + 1) 229

amorphous solid 383 (M + 1) 230

amorphous solid 416 (M + 1) 231

amorphous solid 362 (M + 1)

TABLE 3 The following examples were prepared from commercially available2- chloropyridines, piperazines and2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole (Example 1c) according tothe general procedure described for the preparation of Example 9. Melt.Point Ex. Structure (° C.) M.S. (ESI) m/z 232

amorphous solid 396 (M + 1) 233

186-188 396 (M + 1) 234

179-181 410 (M + 1) 235

162-165 412 (M + 1) 236

129-131 416 (M + 1) 237

184-189 430 (M + 1) 238

183-188 430 (M + 1) 239

151-153 444 (M + 1) 240

187-190 411 (M + 1) 241

154 426 (M + 1) 242

181 426 (M + 1) 243

amorphous solid 413 (M + 1) 244

amorphous solid 474 (M + 1) 245

amorphous solid 441 (M + 1)

TABLE 4 The following examples were prepared from commercially available2- chloropyridines, piperazines and4-bromo-2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H- benzoimidazole (Example 6b)according to the general procedure described for the preparation ofExample 9. Melt. Point Ex. Structure (° C.) M.S. (ESI) m/z 246

127-130 510 (M + 1) 247

178-181 492 (M + 1) 248

175 506 (M + 1)

TABLE 5 The following examples were prepared from commercially availableboronic acids,4-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole (Example 7) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ orPdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ as catalyst analogously to the general procedures describedfor the preparation of Example 10 or Example 51a. Melt. Point Ex.Structure (° C.) M.S. (ESI) m/z 249

amorphous solid 560 (M + 1) 250

amorphous solid 528 (M + 1) 251

amorphous solid 498 (M + 1) 252

amorphous solid 482 (M + 1) 253

amorphous solid 493 (M + 1) 254

amorphous solid 493 (M + 1) 255

amorphous solid 510 (M + 1) 256

amorphous solid 560 (M + 1) 257

amorphous solid 510 (M + 1) 258

amorphous solid 544 (M + 1) 259

amorphous solid 522 (M + 1) 260

amorphous solid 528 (M + 1) 261

amorphous solid 522 (M + 1) 262

amorphous solid 523 (M + 1) 263

amorphous solid 543 (M + 1) 264

amorphous solid 548 (M + 1) 265

amorphous solid 527 (M + 1) 266

amorphous solid 576 (M + 1) 267

amorphous solid 549 (M + 1) 268

amorphous solid 548 (M + 1) 269

amorphous solid 507 (M + 1) 270

amorphous solid 535 (M + 1) 271

amorphous solid 540 (M + 1) 272

amorphous solid 554 (M + 1) 273

amorphous solid 528 (M + 1) 274

amorphous solid 528 (M + 1) 275

amorphous solid 482 (M + 1) 276

amorphous solid 528 (M + 1) 277

amorphous solid 507 (M + 1) 278

180-212 (decomp.) 522 (M + 1) 279

117.9-118   518 (M + 1) 280

180-183 496 (M + 1)

TABLE 6 The following examples were prepared from commercially availablealdehydes and{6-[(3R)-4-(7-Amino-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-pyridin-3-yl}-methanol methanol (Example175b) analogously to the general procedures described for thepreparation of Example 179. Melt. Point Ex. Structure (° C.) M.S. (ESI)m/z 281

amorphous solid 599 (M + 1) 282

amorphous solid 691 (M + 1) 283

amorphous solid 565 (M + 1) 284

amorphous solid 733 (M + 1) 285

amorphous solid 587 (M + 1) 286

amorphous solid 621 (M + 1) 287

amorphous solid 621 (M + 1)Capsaicin-induced Ca²⁺ influx in primary dorsal root ganglion neurons

Embryonic 19 day old (E19) dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were dissected fromtimed-pregnant, terminally anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats (CharlesRiver, Wilmington, Mass.) and collected in ice-cold L-15 media (LifeTechnologies, Grand Island, N.Y.) containing 5% heat inactivated horseserum (Life Technologies). The DRG were then dissociated into singlecell suspension using a papain dissociation system (WorthingtonBiochemical Corp., Freehold, N.J.). The dissociated cells were pelletedat 200×g for 5 min and re-suspended in EBSS containing 1 mg/ml ovomucoidinhibitor, 1 mg/ml ovalbumin and 0.005% DNase. Cell suspension wascentrifuged through a gradient solution containing 10 mg/ml ovomucoidinhibitor, 10 mg/ml ovalbumin at 200×g for 6 min to remove cell debris;and filtered through a 88-μm nylon mesh (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh,Pa.) to remove any clumps. Cell number was determined with ahemocytometer and cells were seeded into poly-ornithine 100 μg/ml(Sigma) and mouse laminin 1 μg/ml (Life Technologies)-coated 96-wellplates at 10×10³ cells/well in complete medium. The complete mediumconsists of minimal essential medium (MEM) and Ham's F12, 1:1,penicillin (100 U/ml), and streptomycin (100 μg/ml), and nerve growthfactor (10 ng/ml), 10% heat inactivated horse serum (Life Technologies).The cultures were kept at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and 100% humidity. Forcontrolling the growth of non-neuronal cells, 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine(75 μM) and uridine (180 μM) were included in the medium. Activation ofVR1 is achieved in these cellular assays using either a capsaicinstimulus (ranging from 0.01-10 μM) or by an acid stimulus (addition of30 mM Hepes/Mes buffered at pH 4.1). Compounds are also tested in anassay format to evaluate their agonist properties at VR1.

Capsaicin Antagonist Assay: E-19 DRG cells at 5 days in culture areincubated with serial concentrations of VR1 antagonists, in HBSS (Hanksbuffered saline solution supplemented with BSA 0.1 mg/ml and 1 mM Hepesat pH 7.4) for 15 min, 37° C. Cells are then challenged with a VR1agonist, capsaicin 200 nM, in activation buffer containing 0.1 mg/mlBSA, 15 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, and 10 μCi/ml ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ (Amersham) in Ham's F12for 2 min at 37° C.

Acid Antagonist Assay: Compounds are pre-incubated with E-19 DRG cellsfor 2 minutes prior to addition of Calcium-45 in 30 mM Hepes/Mes buffer(Final Assay pH 5) and then left for an additional 2 minutes prior tocompound washout. Final 45Ca (Amersham CES3-2mCi) at 10 μCi/mL.

Agonist Assay: Compounds are incubated with E-19 DRG cells for 2 minutesin the presence of Calcium-45 prior to compound washout. Final ⁴⁵Ca²⁺(Amersham CES3-2mCi) at 10 μCi/mL.

Compound Washout and Analysis: Assay plates are washed using an ELX405plate washer (Bio-Tek Instruments Inc.) immediately after functionalassay. Wash 3× with PBS Mg2+/Ca2+ free, 0.1 mg/mL BSA. Aspirate betweenwashes. Read plates using a MicroBeta Jet (Wallac Inc.). Compoundactivity is then calculated using appropriate computational algorithms.

⁴⁵Calcium²⁺ Assay Protocol

Compounds may be assayed using Chinese Hamster Ovary cell lines stablyexpressing either human VR1 or rat VR1 under a CMV promoter. Cells canbe cultured in Growth Medium, routinely passaged at 70% confluency usingtrypsin and plated in the assay plate 24 hours prior to compoundevaluation.

-   -   Possible Growth Medium:        -   DMEM, high glucose (Gibco 11965-084).        -   10% Dialyzed serum (Hyclone SH30079.03).        -   1× Non-Essential Amino Acids (Gibco 11140-050).        -   1× Glutamine-Pen-Strep (Gibco 10378-016).        -   Geneticin, 450 μg/mL (Gibco 10131-035).

Compounds can be diluted in 100% DMSO and tested for activity overseveral log units of concentration [40 μM-2 pM]. Compounds may befurther diluted in HBSS buffer (pH 7.4) 0.1 mg/mL BSA, prior toevaluation. Final DMSO concentration in assay would be 0.5%. Each assayplate can be controlled with a buffer only and a known antagonistcompound (either capsazepine or one of the described VR1 antagonists).

Activation of VR1 can be achieved in these cellular assays using eithera capsaicin stimulus (ranging from 0.1-1 μM) or by an acid stimulus(addition of 30 mM Hepes/Mes buffered at pH 4.1). Compounds may alsotested in an assay format to evaluate their agonist properties at VR1.

Capsaicin Antagonist Assay: Compounds may be pre-incubated with cells(expressing either human or rat VR1) for 2 minutes prior to addition ofCalcium-45 and Capsaicin and then left for an additional 2 minutes priorto compound washout. Capsaicin (0.5 nM) can be added in HAM's F12, 0.1mg/mL BSA, 15 mM Hepes at pH 7.4. Final ⁴⁵Ca (Amersham CES3-2mCi) at 10μCi/mL.

Acid Antagonist Assay: Compounds can be pre-incubated with cells(expressing either human or rat VR1) for 2 minutes prior to addition ofCalcium-45 in 30 mM Hepes/Mes buffer (Final Assay pH 5) and then leftfor an additional 2 minutes prior to compound washout. Final ⁴⁵Ca(Amersham CES3-2mCi) at 10 μCi/mL.

Agonist Assay: Compounds can be incubated with cells (expressing eitherhuman or rat VR1) for 2 minutes in the presence of Calcium-45 prior tocompound washout. Final ⁴⁵Ca (Amersham CES3-2mCi) at 10 μCi/mL.

Compound Washout and Analysis: Assay plates can be washed using anELX405 plate washer (Bio-Tek Instruments Inc.) immediately afterfunctional assay. One can wash 3× with PBS Mg2/Ca²⁺ free, 0.1 mg/mL BSA,aspirating between washes. Plates may be read using a MicroBeta Jet(Wallac Inc.). Compound activity may then calculated using appropriatecomputational algorithms.

Useful nucleic acid sequences and proteins may be found in U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,335,180, 6, 406,908 and 6,239,267, herein incorporated byreference in their entirety.

For the treatment of vanilloid-receptor-diseases, such as acute,inflammatory and neuropathic pain, dental pain, general headache,migraine, cluster headache, mixed-vascular and non-vascular syndromes,tension headache, general inflammation, arthritis, rheumatic diseases,osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disorders, inflammatory eyedisorders, inflammatory or unstable bladder disorders, psoriasis, skincomplaints with inflammatory components, chronic inflammatoryconditions, inflammatory pain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia,neuropathic pain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia, diabeticneuropathy pain, causalgia, sympathetically maintained pain,deafferentation syndromes, asthma, epithelial tissue damage ordysfunction, herpes simplex, disturbances of visceral motility atrespiratory, genitourinary, gastrointestinal or vascular regions,wounds, burns, allergic skin reactions, pruritus, vitiligo, generalgastrointestinal disorders, gastric ulceration, duodenal ulcers,diarrhea, gastric lesions induced by necrotising agents, hair growth,vasomotor or allergic rhinitis, bronchial disorders or bladderdisorders, the compounds of the present invention may be administeredorally, parentally, by inhalation spray, rectally, or topically indosage unit formulations containing conventional pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles. The term parenteral asused herein includes, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular,intrasternal, infusion techniques or intraperitoneally.

Treatment of diseases and disorders herein is intended to also includethe prophylactic administration of a compound of the invention, apharmaceutical salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of eitherto a subject (i.e., an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably ahuman) believed to be in need of preventative treatment, such as, forexample, pain, inflammation and the like.

The dosage regimen for treating vanilloid-receptor-mediated diseases,cancer, and/or hyperglycemia with the compounds of this invention and/orcompositions of this invention is based on a variety of factors,including the type of disease, the age, weight, sex, medical conditionof the patient, the severity of the condition, the route ofadministration, and the particular compound employed. Thus, the dosageregimen may vary widely, but can be determined routinely using standardmethods. Dosage levels of the order from about 0.01 mg to 30 mg perkilogram of body weight per day, preferably from about 0.1 mg to 10mg/kg, more preferably from about 0.25 mg to 1 mg/kg are useful for allmethods of use disclosed herein.

The pharmaceutically active compounds of this invention can be processedin accordance with conventional methods of pharmacy to produce medicinalagents for administration to patients, including humans and othermammals.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition may be in theform of, for example, a capsule, a tablet, a suspension, or liquid. Thepharmaceutical composition is preferably made in the form of a dosageunit containing a given amount of the active ingredient. For example,these may contain an amount of active ingredient from about 1 to 2000mg, preferably from about 1 to 500 mg, more preferably from about 5 to150 mg. A suitable daily dose for a human or other mammal may varywidely depending on the condition of the patient and other factors, but,once again, can be determined using routine methods.

The active ingredient may also be administered by injection as acomposition with suitable carriers including saline, dextrose, or water.The daily parenteral dosage regimen will be from about 0.1 to about 30mg/kg of total body weight, preferably from about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg,and more preferably from about 0.25 mg to 1 mg/kg.

Injectable preparations, such as sterile injectable aqueous oroleaginous suspensions, may be formulated according to the known areusing suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. Thesterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solutionor suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent,for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptablevehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution,and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oilsare conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For thispurpose any bland fixed oil may be employed, including synthetic mono-or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use inthe preparation of injectables.

Suppositories for rectal administration of the drug can be prepared bymixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient such as cocoabutter and polyethylene glycols that are solid at ordinary temperaturesbut liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in therectum and release the drug.

A suitable topical dose of active ingredient of a compound of theinvention is 0.1 mg to 150 mg administered one to four, preferably oneor two times daily. For topical administration, the active ingredientmay comprise from 0.001% to 10% w/w, e.g., from 1% to 2% by weight ofthe formulation, although it may comprise as much as 10% w/w, butpreferably not more than 5% w/w, and more preferably from 0.1% to 1% ofthe formulation.

Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid orsemi-liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin(e.g., liniments, lotions, ointments, creams, or pastes) and dropssuitable for administration to the eye, ear, or nose.

For administration, the compounds of this invention are ordinarilycombined with one or more adjuvants appropriate for the indicated routeof administration. The compounds may be admixed with lactose, sucrose,starch powder, cellulose esters of alkanoic acids, stearic acid, talc,magnesium stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium and calcium salts ofphosphoric and sulfuric acids, acacia, gelatin, sodium alginate,polyvinyl-pyrrolidine, and/or polyvinyl alcohol, and tableted orencapsulated for conventional administration. Alternatively, thecompounds of this invention may be dissolved in saline, water,polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethanol, corn oil, peanut oil,cottonseed oil, sesame oil, tragacanth gum, and/or various buffers.Other adjuvants and modes of administration are well known in thepharmaceutical art. The carrier or diluent may include time delaymaterial, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone orwith a wax, or other materials well known in the art.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be made up in a solid form(including granules, powders or suppositories) or in a liquid form(e.g., solutions, suspensions, or emulsions). The pharmaceuticalcompositions may be subjected to conventional pharmaceutical operationssuch as sterilization and/or may contain conventional adjuvants, such aspreservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, buffers etc.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration may include capsules,tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, theactive compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such assucrose, lactose, or starch. Such dosage forms may also comprise, as innormal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g.,lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate. In the case of capsules,tablets, and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents.Tablets and pills can additionally be prepared with enteric coatings.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration may include pharmaceuticallyacceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirscontaining inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water. Suchcompositions may also comprise adjuvants, such as wetting, sweetening,flavoring, and perfuming agents.

Compounds of the present invention can possess one or more asymmetriccarbon atoms and are thus capable of existing in the form of opticalisomers as well as in the form of racemic or non-racemic mixturesthereof. The optical isomers can be obtained by resolution of theracemic mixtures according to conventional processes, e.g., by formationof diastereoisomeric salts, by treatment with an optically active acidor base. Examples of appropriate acids are tartaric, diacetyltartaric,dibenzoyltartaric, ditoluoyltartaric, and camphorsulfonic acid and thenseparation of the mixture of diastereoisomers by crystallizationfollowed by liberation of the optically active bases from these salts. Adifferent process for separation of optical isomers involves the use ofa chiral chromatography column optimally chosen to maximize theseparation of the enantiomers. Still another available method involvessynthesis of covalent diastereoisomeric molecules by reacting compoundsof the invention with an optically pure acid in an activated form or anoptically pure isocyanate. The synthesized diastereoisomers can beseparated by conventional means such as chromatography, distillation,crystallization or sublimation, and then hydrolyzed to deliver theenantiomerically pure compound. The optically active compounds of theinvention can likewise be obtained by using active starting materials.These isomers may be in the form of a free acid, a free base, an esteror a salt.

Likewise, the compounds of this invention may exist as isomers, that iscompounds of the same molecular formula but in which the atoms, relativeto one another, are arranged differently. In particular, the alkylenesubstituents of the compounds of this invention, are normally andpreferably arranged and inserted into the molecules as indicated in thedefinitions for each of these groups, being read from left to right.However, in certain cases, one skilled in the art will appreciate thatit is possible to prepare compounds of this invention in which thesesubstituents are reversed in orientation relative to the other atoms inthe molecule. That is, the substituent to be inserted may be the same asthat noted above except that it is inserted into the molecule in thereverse orientation. One skilled in the art will appreciate that theseisomeric forms of the compounds of this invention are to be construed asencompassed within the scope of the present invention.

The compounds of the present invention can be used in the form of saltsderived from inorganic or organic acids. The salts include, but are notlimited to, the following: acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate,aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate,camphorsulfonate, digluconate, cyclopentanepropionate, dodecylsulfate,ethanesulfonate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate,heptanoate, hexanoate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide,hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate,methansulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, palmoate,pectinate, persulfate, 2-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate,propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate, mesylate, andundecanoate. Also, the basic nitrogen-containing groups can bequaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl,ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkylsulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates, longchain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides,bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides like benzyl and phenethylbromides, and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products arethereby obtained.

Examples of acids that may be employed to from pharmaceuticallyacceptable acid addition salts include such inorganic acids ashydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid and such organicacids as oxalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid and citric acid. Otherexamples include salts with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, suchas sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium or with organic bases.

Also encompassed in the scope of the present invention arepharmaceutically acceptable esters of a carboxylic acid or hydroxylcontaining group, including a metabolically labile ester or a prodrugform of a compound of this invention. A metabolically labile ester isone which may produce, for example, an increase in blood levels andprolong the efficacy of the corresponding non-esterified form of thecompound. A prodrug form is one which is not in an active form of themolecule as administered but which becomes therapeutically active aftersome in vivo activity or biotransformation, such as metabolism, forexample, enzymatic or hydrolytic cleavage. For a general discussion ofprodrugs involving esters see Svensson and Tunek Drug Metabolism Reviews165 (1988) and Bundgaard Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985). Examplesof a masked carboxylate anion include a variety of esters, such as alkyl(for example, methyl, ethyl), cycloalkyl (for example, cyclohexyl),aralkyl (for example, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl), andalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl (for example, pivaloyloxymethyl). Amines have beenmasked as arylcarbonyloxymethyl substituted derivatives which arecleaved by esterases in vivo releasing the free drug and formaldehyde(Bungaard J. Med. Chem. 2503 (1989)). Also, drugs containing an acidicNH group, such as imidazole, imide, indole and the like, have beenmasked with N-acyloxymethyl groups (Bundgaard Design of Prodrugs,Elsevier (1985)). Hydroxy groups have been masked as esters and ethers.EP 039,051 (Sloan and Little, Apr. 11, 1981) discloses Mannich-basehydroxamic acid prodrugs, their preparation and use. Esters of acompound of this invention, may include, for example, the methyl, ethyl,propyl, and butyl esters, as well as other suitable esters formedbetween an acidic moiety and a hydroxyl containing moiety. Metabolicallylabile esters, may include, for example, methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl,iso-propoxymethyl, α-methoxyethyl, groups such asα-((C₁-C₄)alkyloxy)ethyl, for example, methoxyethyl, ethoxyethyl,propoxyethyl, iso-propoxyethyl, etc.; 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-ylmethylgroups, such as 5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3,dioxolen-4-ylmethyl, etc.; C₁-C₃alkylthiomethyl groups, for example, methylthiomethyl, ethylthiomethyl,isopropylthiomethyl, etc.; acyloxymethyl groups, for example,pivaloyloxymethyl, α-acetoxymethyl, etc.; ethoxycarbonyl-1-methyl; orα-acyloxy-α-substituted methyl groups, for example α-acetoxyethyl.

Further, the compounds of the invention may exist as crystalline solidswhich can be crystallized from common solvents such as ethanol,N,N-dimethyl-formamide, water, or the like. Thus, crystalline forms ofthe compounds of the invention may exist as polymorphs, solvates and/orhydrates of the parent compounds or their pharmaceutically acceptablesalts. All of such forms likewise are to be construed as falling withinthe scope of the invention.

While the compounds of the invention can be administered as the soleactive pharmaceutical agent, they can also be used in combination withone or more compounds of the invention or other agents. Whenadministered as a combination, the therapeutic agents can be formulatedas separate compositions that are given at the same time or differenttimes, or the therapeutic agents can be given as a single composition.

The foregoing is merely illustrative of the invention and is notintended to limit the invention to the disclosed compounds. Variationsand changes which are obvious to one skilled in the art are intended tobe within the scope and nature of the invention which are defined in theappended claims.

From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easilyascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changesand modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages andconditions.

1. A compound having the structure:

or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein: n is 1, 2 or 3and o is 1, 2 or 3; wherein n+o=4 or 5 and when n is 1 and Q¹ and Q² areboth N, then both R² groups together are oxo, and when o is 1 and Q¹ andQ² are both N, then both R^(2′) groups together are oxo; m isindependently at each instance 0, 1 or 2; Q¹ is N or C(R²); Q² is N orC(R²); wherein at least one of Q¹ and Q² is N; Q³ is N or C(R⁵); Q⁴ is Nor C(R⁶); Q⁵ is N or C(R⁶); Q⁶ is N or C(R⁵); R¹ is H or—(C(R²)(R²))_(m)—R^(g); R² is, independently, in each instance, H,C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O(C₁₋₇alkyl), —N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), or aC₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo,cyano, —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); wherein any twogeminal R² groups may additionally be oxo; R^(2′) is, independently, ineach instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O(C₁₋₇alkyl),—N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), or a C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituentsselected from halo, cyano, —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); wherein any twogeminal R^(2′) groups may additionally be oxo; R³ is, independently, ineach instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O(C₁₋₇alkyl),—N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), or a C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3substituents selected from halo, cyano, —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —SR^(a),—S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); wherein any twogeminal R³ groups may additionally be oxo; R⁴ is phenyl or naphthyl,wherein the phenyl and naphthyl are substituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro,—C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—OR^(a), —C(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e); or R⁴ isR^(c) substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected fromC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e); R⁵ isindependently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo,cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), C₁₋₃alkylR^(c), C₁₋₃alkylR^(f) and R^(e); or R⁵is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-,8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring aresubstituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1,2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo,cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e); R⁶ is independently, at each instance,H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OH, —OC₂₋₆alkyl,—OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e); R^(a) isindependently, at each instance, H or R¹; R^(b) is independently, ateach instance, phenyl, benzyl or C₁₋₆alkyl, the phenyl, benzyl andC₁₋₆alkyl being substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected fromhalo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OC₁₋₄alkyl, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₄alkyl,—N(C₁₋₄alkyl)C₁₋₄alkyl; R^(c) is independently at each instance asaturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-,9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 atomsselected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring aresubstituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups; R^(d) is independently at eachinstance R^(e) is independently at each instance C₁₋₆alkyl substitutedby 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(d); —R^(f) isindependently at each instance R^(e) substituted by 1, 2 or 3substituents independently selected from R^(d); and R^(g) isindependently at each instance a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclicring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, whereinthe carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups andthe ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected fromC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —C(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a).
 2. A compoundhaving the structure:

or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein: n is 2 or 3; mis independently at each instance 0, 1 or 2; Q¹ is N or C(R²); Q² is Nor C(R²); wherein at least one of Q¹ and Q² is N; Q³ is N or C(R⁵); Q⁴is N or C(R⁶); Q⁵ is N or C(R⁶); Q⁶ is N or C(R²⁵); R¹ is H or—(C(R²)(R²))_(m)—R^(g); R² is, independently, in each instance, H,C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O(C₁₋₇alkyl), —N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), or aC₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo,cyano, —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); wherein any twogeminal R² groups may additionally be oxo; R³ is, independently, in eachinstance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O(C₁₋₇alkyl),—N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), or a C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3substituents selected from halo, cyano, —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —SR³,—S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); wherein any twogeminal R³ groups may additionally be oxo; R⁴ is phenyl or naphthyl,wherein the phenyl and naphthyl are substituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro,—C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e); or R⁴ isR^(c) substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected fromC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e); R⁵ isindependently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo,cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), C₁₋₃alkylR^(c), C₁₋₃alkylR^(f) and R^(e); or R⁵is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-,8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring aresubstituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1,2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo,cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e); R⁶ is independently, at each instance,H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OH, —OC₂₋₆alkyl,—OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e); R^(a) isindependently, at each instance, H or R^(b); R^(b) is independently, ateach instance, phenyl, benzyl or C₁₋₆alkyl, the phenyl, benzyl andC₁₋₆alkyl being substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected fromhalo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OC₁₋₄alkyl, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₄alkyl,—N(C₁₋₄alkyl)C₁₋₄alkyl; R^(c) is independently at each instance asaturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-,9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 atomsselected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring aresubstituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups; R^(d) is independently at eachinstance C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b),—C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a),—OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R³, —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) or —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); R^(e) isindependently at each instance C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3substituents independently selected from R^(d); R^(f) is independentlyat each instance R^(c) substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituentsindependently selected from R^(d); and R^(g) is independently at eachinstance a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of thering are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substitutedby 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a).
 3. The compound according to claim 2, wherein Q¹is N.
 4. The compound according to claim 2, wherein Q² is N.
 5. Thecompound according to claim 2, wherein: Q¹ is N; and Q² is N.
 6. Thecompound according to claim 2, wherein: Q³ is C(R⁵); Q⁴ is C(R⁶); Q⁵ isC(R⁶); and Q⁶ is C(R⁵).
 7. The compound according to claim 2, whereinany one of Q³, Q⁴, Q⁵ and Q⁶ is N.
 8. The compound according to claim 2,wherein any two of Q³, Q⁴, Q⁵ and Q⁶ are N.
 9. The compound according toclaim 2, wherein R¹ is H.
 10. The compound according to claim 2, whereinR¹ is —(C(R²)(R²))_(m)—R^(g).
 11. The compound according to claim 2,wherein R² is, in each instance, H.
 12. The compound according to claim2, wherein at least one R² group is selected from C₁₋₈alkyl,C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O(C₁₋₇alkyl), —N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), oxo and C₁₋₆alkylsubstituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano,—OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a).
 13. The compoundaccording to claim 2, wherein R³ is, in each instance, H.
 14. Thecompound according to claim 2, wherein at least one R³ group is selectedfrom C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O(C₁₋₇alkyl), —N(C₁₋₇alkyl)R^(a), oxoand C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected fromhalo, cyano, —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a).
 15. The compoundaccording to claim 2, wherein R⁴ is phenyl or naphthyl, wherein thephenyl and naphthyl are substituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituentsselected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b),—C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a),—OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).
 16. Thecompound according to claim 2, wherein R⁴ is phenyl substituted by 1, 2,3 or 4 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano,nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).
 17. The compound according to claim 2,wherein R⁴ is R^(c) substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selectedfrom C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b),—C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a),—OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e); whereinR⁴ is not imidazol-5-yl or 4-C₁₋₈alkylimidazol-5-yl.
 18. The compoundaccording to claim 2, wherein R⁴ is an unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-memberedmonocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ringcontaining 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein thecarbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and therings are substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected fromC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e); whereinR⁴ is not imidazol-5-yl or 4-C₁₋₈alkylimidazol-5-yl.
 19. The compoundaccording to claim 2, wherein R⁴ is an unsaturated 6- or 7-memberedmonocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ringcontaining 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein thecarbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and therings are substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected fromC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).
 20. Thecompound according to claim 2, wherein R⁴ is an unsaturated 6-memberedmonocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S,wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxogroups and the rings are substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituentsselected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b),—C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a),—OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).
 21. Thecompound according to claim 2, wherein R⁴ is an unsaturated 5-memberedmonocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, butno more than one N, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substitutedby 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the rings are substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro,—C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).
 22. Thecompound according to claim 2, wherein R⁴ is a saturated or unsaturated6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring aresubstituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the rings are substituted by 0,1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo,cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).
 23. The compound according to claim 2,wherein R⁵ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl,C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), C₁₋₃alkylR^(c),C₁₋₃alkylR^(f) and R^(e); or R⁵ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclicring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, whereinthe carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups andthe ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected fromC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).
 24. Thecompound according to claim 2, wherein R²⁵ is, at each instance, H. 25.The compound according to claim 2, wherein at least one R⁵ is C₁₋₈alkyl,C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), C₁₋₃alkylR^(c),C₁₋₃alkylR^(f) and R^(e).
 26. The compound according to claim 2, whereinat least one R⁵ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-memberedmonocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ringcontaining 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein thecarbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and thering is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected fromC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b),—C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b),—OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b),—S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).
 27. Thecompound according to claim 2, wherein at least one R⁵ is an unsaturated5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atomsselected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring aresubstituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1,2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo,cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).
 28. The compound according to claim 2,wherein at least one R⁵ is an unsaturated 6-membered monocyclic ringcontaining 0, 1 or 2 N atoms, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1,2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo,cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).
 29. The compound according to claim 2,wherein at least one R⁵ is a saturated or unsaturated 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-,10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atomsselected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring aresubstituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1,2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo,cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).
 30. The compound according to claim 2,wherein R⁶ is, at each instance, H.
 31. The compound according to claim2, wherein at least one R⁶ is selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,halo, cyano, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),—SR³, —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b),—S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b),—N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),—N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b),—N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),—NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a) and R^(e).
 32. The compound according to claim 2,wherein the compound is selected from:2-[4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole.2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,di-trifluoroacetic acid salt,4-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,4-bromo-2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,4-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,4-chloro-2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,4-bromo-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,4-pyridin-3-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-4-pyridin-3-yl-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole,6-methyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,6-tert-butyl-2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,6-tert-butyl-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,6-tert-butyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,6-chloro-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,6-chloro-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,6-chloro-2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole, 306-bromo-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,6-bromo-2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,5,6-dichloro-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-5,6-dichloro-1H-benzoimidazole,6-chloro-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-5-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole,6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(2-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3-methoxypyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,6-Trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(2-trifluoromethylphenylpiperidin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,2-(4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimid-azole,2-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole2-[4-(quinolin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(naphthtalen-1-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylpyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylbenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(2-trifluoromethylbenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(2,5-dimethylbenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3-chloro-5-hydroxymethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,(R)-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,(S)-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)-2,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,(S)-2-[4-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,(S)-2-[4-(3-methylquinolin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,(S)-2-[4-(3-chloro-5-hydroxymethylpyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,(R)-2-[4-(3-chloro-5-hydroxymethylpyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-{4-[3-(pyrrol-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(3-iodopyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-[4-(6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]pyridine-3-sulfonicacid methylamide,(R)-4-bromo-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,(S)-4-bromo-2-[4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,(S)-4-bromo-2-[4-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,(S)-4-bromo-2-[4-(3-chloro-5-hydroxymethylpyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,(R)-4-bromo-2-[4-(3-chloro-5-hydroxymethylpyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazole,6-trifluoromethyl-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,4-(thiophen-2-yl)-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,4-(furan-2-yl)-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole,and4-(pyridin-2-yl)-6-trifluoromethyl-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-1H-benzoimidazole